CVE-2025-39965 (GCVE-0-2025-39965)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5
Published
2025-10-13 13:48
Modified
2026-10-15 22:02
Summary
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: xfrm: xfrm_alloc_spi shouldn't use 0 as SPI x->id.spi == 0 means "no SPI assigned", but since commit 94f39804d891 ("xfrm: Duplicate SPI Handling"), we now create states and add them to the byspi list with this value. __xfrm_state_delete doesn't remove those states from the byspi list, since they shouldn't be there, and this shows up as a UAF the next time we go through the byspi list.
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Linux Linux Version: 3d8090bb53424432fa788fe9a49e8ceca74f0544
Version: 2fc5b54368a1bf1d2d74b4d3b8eea5309a653e38
Version: 29e9158f91f99057dbd35db5e8674d93b38549fe
Version: 94f39804d891cffe4ce17737d295f3b195bc7299
Version: c67d4e7a8f90fb6361ca89d4d5c9a28f4e935e47
Version: 6.15.11   ≤
Create a notification for this product.
   Linux Linux Version: 6.6.103   ≤
Version: 6.12.43   ≤
Version: 6.16.2   ≤
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website


{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2025-39965",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "none"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "no"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "total"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2026-10-15T21:55:18.566568Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2026-10-15T22:02:34.319Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "product": "Linux",
          "programFiles": [
            "net/xfrm/xfrm_state.c"
          ],
          "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
          "vendor": "Linux",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "0baf92d0b1590b903c1f4ead75e61715e50e8146",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "3d8090bb53424432fa788fe9a49e8ceca74f0544",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "9fcedabaae0096f712bbb4ccca6a8538af1cd1c8",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "2fc5b54368a1bf1d2d74b4d3b8eea5309a653e38",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "a78e55776522373c446f18d5002a8de4b09e6bf7",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "29e9158f91f99057dbd35db5e8674d93b38549fe",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "cd8ae32e4e4652db55bce6b9c79267d8946765a9",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "94f39804d891cffe4ce17737d295f3b195bc7299",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "c67d4e7a8f90fb6361ca89d4d5c9a28f4e935e47",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "6.16",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "6.15.11",
              "versionType": "semver"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "product": "Linux",
          "programFiles": [
            "net/xfrm/xfrm_state.c"
          ],
          "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
          "vendor": "Linux",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "6.6.109",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "6.6.103",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "6.12.50",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "6.12.43",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "6.16.10",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "6.16.2",
              "versionType": "semver"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "cpeApplicability": [
        {
          "nodes": [
            {
              "cpeMatch": [
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.6.109",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "6.6.103",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.12.50",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "6.12.43",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.16.10",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "6.16.2",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "6.15.11",
                  "vulnerable": true
                }
              ],
              "negate": false,
              "operator": "OR"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nxfrm: xfrm_alloc_spi shouldn\u0027t use 0 as SPI\n\nx-\u003eid.spi == 0 means \"no SPI assigned\", but since commit\n94f39804d891 (\"xfrm: Duplicate SPI Handling\"), we now create states\nand add them to the byspi list with this value.\n\n__xfrm_state_delete doesn\u0027t remove those states from the byspi list,\nsince they shouldn\u0027t be there, and this shows up as a UAF the next\ntime we go through the byspi list."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "baseScore": 7.8,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "AV:L - The vulnerability is reached through the XFRM_MSG_ALLOCSPI message on a NETLINK_XFRM socket, which requires local system access. Although the dangling byspi entry can subsequently be dereferenced by a received ESP/AH packet, creating the SPI-0 state requires the local netlink path.\nAC:L - The attacker deterministically triggers the bug by requesting min=max=0, which verify_spi_info() accepts, then deleting the state via DELSA/FLUSHSA; there is no race, no memory-layout dependency, and no non-default config beyond ubiquitous CONFIG_XFRM_USER.\nPR:L - xfrm_user_rcv_msg() gates on netlink_net_capable(skb, CAP_NET_ADMIN), which is evaluated against the net namespace\u0027s user_ns, so any unprivileged user obtains it via \"unshare -Urn\". This is Low, not High.\nUI:N - The full sequence \u2014 allocate SPI 0, delete the state, re-walk the byspi hash \u2014 is performed entirely by the attacker\u0027s own process with no victim action required.\nS:U - The freed xfrm_state and the corrupted hash list both live in the kernel\u0027s own security authority; this is standard kernel memory corruption with no VM, IOMMU, or hypervisor boundary crossed.\nC:H - The dangling xfrm_state remains in a global RCU hash and is read back and returned as a live SA, so a reclaimed object leaks adjacent heap contents and crypto/key state, and the UAF can be escalated into an arbitrary kernel read primitive.\nI:H - Walkers perform refcount_inc_not_zero on the freed object (a write to freed memory) and then use it as a live SA whose type/mode function-pointer fields the attacker can control by re-spraying the xfrm_state slab, yielding control-flow hijack and arbitrary write.\nA:H - Dereferencing the freed state during byspi traversal, hash resize, or netns teardown (WARN_ON(!hlist_empty())) reliably produces a KASAN-detected use-after-free, list corruption, and kernel panic."
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T12:06:34.191Z",
        "orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
        "shortName": "Linux"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/0baf92d0b1590b903c1f4ead75e61715e50e8146"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9fcedabaae0096f712bbb4ccca6a8538af1cd1c8"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a78e55776522373c446f18d5002a8de4b09e6bf7"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/cd8ae32e4e4652db55bce6b9c79267d8946765a9"
        }
      ],
      "title": "xfrm: xfrm_alloc_spi shouldn\u0027t use 0 as SPI",
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "bippy-1.2.0"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
    "assignerShortName": "Linux",
    "cveId": "CVE-2025-39965",
    "datePublished": "2025-10-13T13:48:31.033Z",
    "dateReserved": "2025-04-16T07:20:57.149Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-10-15T22:02:34.319Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2",
  "vulnerability-lookup:meta": {
    "vulnrichment": {
      "containers": "{\"adp\": [{\"title\": \"CISA ADP Vulnrichment\", \"metrics\": [{\"other\": {\"type\": \"ssvc\", \"content\": {\"id\": \"CVE-2025-39965\", \"role\": \"CISA Coordinator\", \"options\": [{\"Exploitation\": \"none\"}, {\"Automatable\": \"no\"}, {\"Technical Impact\": \"total\"}], \"version\": \"2.0.3\", \"timestamp\": \"2026-10-15T21:55:18.566568Z\"}}}], \"providerMetadata\": {\"orgId\": \"134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0\", \"shortName\": \"CISA-ADP\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2026-10-15T21:55:19.343Z\"}}], \"cna\": {\"title\": \"xfrm: xfrm_alloc_spi shouldn\u0027t use 0 as SPI\", \"metrics\": [{\"cvssV3_1\": {\"version\": \"3.1\", \"baseScore\": 7.8, \"baseSeverity\": \"HIGH\", \"vectorString\": \"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H\"}, \"scenarios\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"value\": \"AV:L - The vulnerability is reached through the XFRM_MSG_ALLOCSPI message on a NETLINK_XFRM socket, which requires local system access. Although the dangling byspi entry can subsequently be dereferenced by a received ESP/AH packet, creating the SPI-0 state requires the local netlink path.\\nAC:L - The attacker deterministically triggers the bug by requesting min=max=0, which verify_spi_info() accepts, then deleting the state via DELSA/FLUSHSA; there is no race, no memory-layout dependency, and no non-default config beyond ubiquitous CONFIG_XFRM_USER.\\nPR:L - xfrm_user_rcv_msg() gates on netlink_net_capable(skb, CAP_NET_ADMIN), which is evaluated against the net namespace\u0027s user_ns, so any unprivileged user obtains it via \\\"unshare -Urn\\\". This is Low, not High.\\nUI:N - The full sequence \\u2014 allocate SPI 0, delete the state, re-walk the byspi hash \\u2014 is performed entirely by the attacker\u0027s own process with no victim action required.\\nS:U - The freed xfrm_state and the corrupted hash list both live in the kernel\u0027s own security authority; this is standard kernel memory corruption with no VM, IOMMU, or hypervisor boundary crossed.\\nC:H - The dangling xfrm_state remains in a global RCU hash and is read back and returned as a live SA, so a reclaimed object leaks adjacent heap contents and crypto/key state, and the UAF can be escalated into an arbitrary kernel read primitive.\\nI:H - Walkers perform refcount_inc_not_zero on the freed object (a write to freed memory) and then use it as a live SA whose type/mode function-pointer fields the attacker can control by re-spraying the xfrm_state slab, yielding control-flow hijack and arbitrary write.\\nA:H - Dereferencing the freed state during byspi traversal, hash resize, or netns teardown (WARN_ON(!hlist_empty())) reliably produces a KASAN-detected use-after-free, list corruption, and kernel panic.\"}]}], \"affected\": [{\"repo\": \"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git\", \"vendor\": \"Linux\", \"product\": \"Linux\", \"versions\": [{\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"3d8090bb53424432fa788fe9a49e8ceca74f0544\", \"lessThan\": \"0baf92d0b1590b903c1f4ead75e61715e50e8146\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"2fc5b54368a1bf1d2d74b4d3b8eea5309a653e38\", \"lessThan\": \"9fcedabaae0096f712bbb4ccca6a8538af1cd1c8\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"29e9158f91f99057dbd35db5e8674d93b38549fe\", \"lessThan\": \"a78e55776522373c446f18d5002a8de4b09e6bf7\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"94f39804d891cffe4ce17737d295f3b195bc7299\", \"lessThan\": \"cd8ae32e4e4652db55bce6b9c79267d8946765a9\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"c67d4e7a8f90fb6361ca89d4d5c9a28f4e935e47\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"6.15.11\", \"lessThan\": \"6.16\", \"versionType\": \"semver\"}], \"programFiles\": [\"net/xfrm/xfrm_state.c\"], \"defaultStatus\": \"unaffected\"}, {\"repo\": \"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git\", \"vendor\": \"Linux\", \"product\": \"Linux\", \"versions\": [{\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"6.6.103\", \"lessThan\": \"6.6.109\", \"versionType\": \"semver\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"6.12.43\", \"lessThan\": \"6.12.50\", \"versionType\": \"semver\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"6.16.2\", \"lessThan\": \"6.16.10\", \"versionType\": \"semver\"}], \"programFiles\": [\"net/xfrm/xfrm_state.c\"], \"defaultStatus\": \"unaffected\"}], \"references\": [{\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/0baf92d0b1590b903c1f4ead75e61715e50e8146\"}, {\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9fcedabaae0096f712bbb4ccca6a8538af1cd1c8\"}, {\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a78e55776522373c446f18d5002a8de4b09e6bf7\"}, {\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/cd8ae32e4e4652db55bce6b9c79267d8946765a9\"}], \"x_generator\": {\"engine\": \"bippy-1.2.0\"}, \"descriptions\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"value\": \"In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\\n\\nxfrm: xfrm_alloc_spi shouldn\u0027t use 0 as SPI\\n\\nx-\u003eid.spi == 0 means \\\"no SPI assigned\\\", but since commit\\n94f39804d891 (\\\"xfrm: Duplicate SPI Handling\\\"), we now create states\\nand add them to the byspi list with this value.\\n\\n__xfrm_state_delete doesn\u0027t remove those states from the byspi list,\\nsince they shouldn\u0027t be there, and this shows up as a UAF the next\\ntime we go through the byspi list.\"}], \"cpeApplicability\": [{\"nodes\": [{\"negate\": false, \"cpeMatch\": [{\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"6.6.109\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"6.6.103\"}, {\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"6.12.50\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"6.12.43\"}, {\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"6.16.10\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"6.16.2\"}, {\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionStartIncluding\": \"6.15.11\"}], \"operator\": \"OR\"}]}], \"providerMetadata\": {\"orgId\": \"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\", \"shortName\": \"Linux\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2026-08-05T12:06:34.191Z\"}}}",
      "cveMetadata": "{\"cveId\": \"CVE-2025-39965\", \"state\": \"PUBLISHED\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2026-10-15T22:02:34.319Z\", \"dateReserved\": \"2025-04-16T07:20:57.149Z\", \"assignerOrgId\": \"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\", \"datePublished\": \"2025-10-13T13:48:31.033Z\", \"assignerShortName\": \"Linux\"}",
      "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
      "dataVersion": "5.2"
    }
  }
}


Log in or create an account to share your comment.




Tags
Taxonomy of the tags.


Loading…

Loading…

Loading…

Sightings

Author Source Type Date

Nomenclature

  • Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or seen somewhere by the user.
  • Confirmed: The vulnerability is confirmed from an analyst perspective.
  • Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
  • Exploited: This vulnerability was exploited and seen by the user reporting the sighting.
  • Patched: This vulnerability was successfully patched by the user reporting the sighting.
  • Not exploited: This vulnerability was not exploited or seen by the user reporting the sighting.
  • Not confirmed: The user expresses doubt about the veracity of the vulnerability.
  • Not patched: This vulnerability was not successfully patched by the user reporting the sighting.


Loading…

Loading…