CVE-2024-56593 (GCVE-0-2024-56593)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5
Published
2024-12-27 14:51
Modified
2026-05-11 20:55
Severity ?
5.5 (Medium) - CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Summary
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: wifi: brcmfmac: Fix oops due to NULL pointer dereference in brcmf_sdiod_sglist_rw() This patch fixes a NULL pointer dereference bug in brcmfmac that occurs when a high 'sd_sgentry_align' value applies (e.g. 512) and a lot of queued SKBs are sent from the pkt queue. The problem is the number of entries in the pre-allocated sgtable, it is nents = max(rxglom_size, txglom_size) + max(rxglom_size, txglom_size) >> 4 + 1. Given the default [rt]xglom_size=32 it's actually 35 which is too small. Worst case, the pkt queue can end up with 64 SKBs. This occurs when a new SKB is added for each original SKB if tailroom isn't enough to hold tail_pad. At least one sg entry is needed for each SKB. So, eventually the "skb_queue_walk loop" in brcmf_sdiod_sglist_rw may run out of sg entries. This makes sg_next return NULL and this causes the oops. The patch sets nents to max(rxglom_size, txglom_size) * 2 to be able handle the worst-case. Btw. this requires only 64-35=29 * 16 (or 20 if CONFIG_NEED_SG_DMA_LENGTH) = 464 additional bytes of memory.
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Linux Linux Version: af1fa210f4fc6e304b859b386a3c8a266b1110ab
Version: af1fa210f4fc6e304b859b386a3c8a266b1110ab
Version: af1fa210f4fc6e304b859b386a3c8a266b1110ab
Version: af1fa210f4fc6e304b859b386a3c8a266b1110ab
Version: af1fa210f4fc6e304b859b386a3c8a266b1110ab
Version: af1fa210f4fc6e304b859b386a3c8a266b1110ab
Version: af1fa210f4fc6e304b859b386a3c8a266b1110ab
 Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

To clipboard 

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "cvssV3_1": {
              "attackComplexity": "LOW",
              "attackVector": "LOCAL",
              "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
              "baseScore": 5.5,
              "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
              "confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
              "integrityImpact": "NONE",
              "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
              "scope": "UNCHANGED",
              "userInteraction": "NONE",
              "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
              "version": "3.1"
            }
          },
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2024-56593",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "none"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "no"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "partial"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2025-10-01T20:01:39.392025Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "problemTypes": [
          {
            "descriptions": [
              {
                "cweId": "CWE-476",
                "description": "CWE-476 NULL Pointer Dereference",
                "lang": "en",
                "type": "CWE"
              }
            ]
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2025-10-01T20:07:14.320Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      },
      {
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2025-11-03T20:50:17.021Z",
          "orgId": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
          "shortName": "CVE"
        },
        "references": [
          {
            "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/03/msg00001.html"
          },
          {
            "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/03/msg00002.html"
          }
        ],
        "title": "CVE Program Container"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "product": "Linux",
          "programFiles": [
            "drivers/net/wireless/broadcom/brcm80211/brcmfmac/bcmsdh.c"
          ],
          "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
          "vendor": "Linux",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "342f87d263462c2670b77ea9a32074cab2ac6fa1",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "af1fa210f4fc6e304b859b386a3c8a266b1110ab",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "7522d7d745d13fbeff3350fe6aa56c8dae263571",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "af1fa210f4fc6e304b859b386a3c8a266b1110ab",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "dfb3f9d3f602602de208da7bdcc0f6d5ee74af68",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "af1fa210f4fc6e304b859b386a3c8a266b1110ab",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "67a25ea28f8ec1da8894f2f115d01d3becf67dc7",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "af1fa210f4fc6e304b859b386a3c8a266b1110ab",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "07c020c6d14d29e5a3ea4e4576b8ecf956a80834",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "af1fa210f4fc6e304b859b386a3c8a266b1110ab",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "34941321b516bd7c6103bd01287d71a1804d19d3",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "af1fa210f4fc6e304b859b386a3c8a266b1110ab",
              "versionType": "git"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "857282b819cbaa0675aaab1e7542e2c0579f52d7",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "af1fa210f4fc6e304b859b386a3c8a266b1110ab",
              "versionType": "git"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "defaultStatus": "affected",
          "product": "Linux",
          "programFiles": [
            "drivers/net/wireless/broadcom/brcm80211/brcmfmac/bcmsdh.c"
          ],
          "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
          "vendor": "Linux",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "3.15"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "3.15",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "5.4.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "5.4.287",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "5.10.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "5.10.231",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "5.15.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "5.15.174",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "6.1.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.1.120",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "6.6.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.6.66",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "6.12.*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.12.5",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.13",
              "versionType": "original_commit_for_fix"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "cpeApplicability": [
        {
          "nodes": [
            {
              "cpeMatch": [
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "5.4.287",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "3.15",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "5.10.231",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "3.15",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "5.15.174",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "3.15",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.1.120",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "3.15",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.6.66",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "3.15",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.12.5",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "3.15",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.13",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "3.15",
                  "vulnerable": true
                }
              ],
              "negate": false,
              "operator": "OR"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nwifi: brcmfmac: Fix oops due to NULL pointer dereference in brcmf_sdiod_sglist_rw()\n\nThis patch fixes a NULL pointer dereference bug in brcmfmac that occurs\nwhen a high \u0027sd_sgentry_align\u0027 value applies (e.g. 512) and a lot of queued SKBs\nare sent from the pkt queue.\n\nThe problem is the number of entries in the pre-allocated sgtable, it is\nnents = max(rxglom_size, txglom_size) + max(rxglom_size, txglom_size) \u003e\u003e 4 + 1.\nGiven the default [rt]xglom_size=32 it\u0027s actually 35 which is too small.\nWorst case, the pkt queue can end up with 64 SKBs. This occurs when a new SKB\nis added for each original SKB if tailroom isn\u0027t enough to hold tail_pad.\nAt least one sg entry is needed for each SKB. So, eventually the \"skb_queue_walk loop\"\nin brcmf_sdiod_sglist_rw may run out of sg entries. This makes sg_next return\nNULL and this causes the oops.\n\nThe patch sets nents to max(rxglom_size, txglom_size) * 2 to be able handle\nthe worst-case.\nBtw. this requires only 64-35=29 * 16 (or 20 if CONFIG_NEED_SG_DMA_LENGTH) = 464\nadditional bytes of memory."
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-05-11T20:55:27.627Z",
        "orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
        "shortName": "Linux"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/342f87d263462c2670b77ea9a32074cab2ac6fa1"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/7522d7d745d13fbeff3350fe6aa56c8dae263571"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/dfb3f9d3f602602de208da7bdcc0f6d5ee74af68"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/67a25ea28f8ec1da8894f2f115d01d3becf67dc7"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/07c020c6d14d29e5a3ea4e4576b8ecf956a80834"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/34941321b516bd7c6103bd01287d71a1804d19d3"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/857282b819cbaa0675aaab1e7542e2c0579f52d7"
        }
      ],
      "title": "wifi: brcmfmac: Fix oops due to NULL pointer dereference in brcmf_sdiod_sglist_rw()",
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "bippy-1.2.0"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
    "assignerShortName": "Linux",
    "cveId": "CVE-2024-56593",
    "datePublished": "2024-12-27T14:51:00.466Z",
    "dateReserved": "2024-12-27T14:03:06.003Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-05-11T20:55:27.627Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2",
  "vulnerability-lookup:meta": {
    "vulnrichment": {
      "containers": "{\"adp\": [{\"title\": \"CVE Program Container\", \"references\": [{\"url\": \"https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/03/msg00001.html\"}, {\"url\": \"https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/03/msg00002.html\"}], \"providerMetadata\": {\"orgId\": \"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108\", \"shortName\": \"CVE\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2025-11-03T20:50:17.021Z\"}}, {\"title\": \"CISA ADP Vulnrichment\", \"metrics\": [{\"cvssV3_1\": {\"scope\": \"UNCHANGED\", \"version\": \"3.1\", \"baseScore\": 5.5, \"attackVector\": \"LOCAL\", \"baseSeverity\": \"MEDIUM\", \"vectorString\": \"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H\", \"integrityImpact\": \"NONE\", \"userInteraction\": \"NONE\", \"attackComplexity\": \"LOW\", \"availabilityImpact\": \"HIGH\", \"privilegesRequired\": \"LOW\", \"confidentialityImpact\": \"NONE\"}}, {\"other\": {\"type\": \"ssvc\", \"content\": {\"id\": \"CVE-2024-56593\", \"role\": \"CISA Coordinator\", \"options\": [{\"Exploitation\": \"none\"}, {\"Automatable\": \"no\"}, {\"Technical Impact\": \"partial\"}], \"version\": \"2.0.3\", \"timestamp\": \"2025-10-01T20:01:39.392025Z\"}}}], \"problemTypes\": [{\"descriptions\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"type\": \"CWE\", \"cweId\": \"CWE-476\", \"description\": \"CWE-476 NULL Pointer Dereference\"}]}], \"providerMetadata\": {\"orgId\": \"134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0\", \"shortName\": \"CISA-ADP\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2025-10-01T15:42:31.612Z\"}}], \"cna\": {\"title\": \"wifi: brcmfmac: Fix oops due to NULL pointer dereference in brcmf_sdiod_sglist_rw()\", \"affected\": [{\"repo\": \"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git\", \"vendor\": \"Linux\", \"product\": \"Linux\", \"versions\": [{\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"af1fa210f4fc6e304b859b386a3c8a266b1110ab\", \"lessThan\": \"342f87d263462c2670b77ea9a32074cab2ac6fa1\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"af1fa210f4fc6e304b859b386a3c8a266b1110ab\", \"lessThan\": \"7522d7d745d13fbeff3350fe6aa56c8dae263571\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"af1fa210f4fc6e304b859b386a3c8a266b1110ab\", \"lessThan\": \"dfb3f9d3f602602de208da7bdcc0f6d5ee74af68\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"af1fa210f4fc6e304b859b386a3c8a266b1110ab\", \"lessThan\": \"67a25ea28f8ec1da8894f2f115d01d3becf67dc7\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"af1fa210f4fc6e304b859b386a3c8a266b1110ab\", \"lessThan\": \"07c020c6d14d29e5a3ea4e4576b8ecf956a80834\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"af1fa210f4fc6e304b859b386a3c8a266b1110ab\", \"lessThan\": \"34941321b516bd7c6103bd01287d71a1804d19d3\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"af1fa210f4fc6e304b859b386a3c8a266b1110ab\", \"lessThan\": \"857282b819cbaa0675aaab1e7542e2c0579f52d7\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}], \"programFiles\": [\"drivers/net/wireless/broadcom/brcm80211/brcmfmac/bcmsdh.c\"], \"defaultStatus\": \"unaffected\"}, {\"repo\": \"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git\", \"vendor\": \"Linux\", \"product\": \"Linux\", \"versions\": [{\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"3.15\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"0\", \"lessThan\": \"3.15\", \"versionType\": \"semver\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"5.4.287\", \"versionType\": \"semver\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"5.4.*\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"5.10.231\", \"versionType\": \"semver\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"5.10.*\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"5.15.174\", \"versionType\": \"semver\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"5.15.*\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"6.1.120\", \"versionType\": \"semver\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"6.1.*\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"6.6.66\", \"versionType\": \"semver\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"6.6.*\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"6.12.5\", \"versionType\": \"semver\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"6.12.*\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"6.13\", \"versionType\": \"original_commit_for_fix\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"*\"}], \"programFiles\": [\"drivers/net/wireless/broadcom/brcm80211/brcmfmac/bcmsdh.c\"], \"defaultStatus\": \"affected\"}], \"references\": [{\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/342f87d263462c2670b77ea9a32074cab2ac6fa1\"}, {\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/7522d7d745d13fbeff3350fe6aa56c8dae263571\"}, {\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/dfb3f9d3f602602de208da7bdcc0f6d5ee74af68\"}, {\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/67a25ea28f8ec1da8894f2f115d01d3becf67dc7\"}, {\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/07c020c6d14d29e5a3ea4e4576b8ecf956a80834\"}, {\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/34941321b516bd7c6103bd01287d71a1804d19d3\"}, {\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/857282b819cbaa0675aaab1e7542e2c0579f52d7\"}], \"x_generator\": {\"engine\": \"bippy-1.2.0\"}, \"descriptions\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"value\": \"In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\\n\\nwifi: brcmfmac: Fix oops due to NULL pointer dereference in brcmf_sdiod_sglist_rw()\\n\\nThis patch fixes a NULL pointer dereference bug in brcmfmac that occurs\\nwhen a high \u0027sd_sgentry_align\u0027 value applies (e.g. 512) and a lot of queued SKBs\\nare sent from the pkt queue.\\n\\nThe problem is the number of entries in the pre-allocated sgtable, it is\\nnents = max(rxglom_size, txglom_size) + max(rxglom_size, txglom_size) \u003e\u003e 4 + 1.\\nGiven the default [rt]xglom_size=32 it\u0027s actually 35 which is too small.\\nWorst case, the pkt queue can end up with 64 SKBs. This occurs when a new SKB\\nis added for each original SKB if tailroom isn\u0027t enough to hold tail_pad.\\nAt least one sg entry is needed for each SKB. So, eventually the \\\"skb_queue_walk loop\\\"\\nin brcmf_sdiod_sglist_rw may run out of sg entries. This makes sg_next return\\nNULL and this causes the oops.\\n\\nThe patch sets nents to max(rxglom_size, txglom_size) * 2 to be able handle\\nthe worst-case.\\nBtw. this requires only 64-35=29 * 16 (or 20 if CONFIG_NEED_SG_DMA_LENGTH) = 464\\nadditional bytes of memory.\"}], \"cpeApplicability\": [{\"nodes\": [{\"negate\": false, \"cpeMatch\": [{\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"5.4.287\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"3.15\"}, {\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"5.10.231\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"3.15\"}, {\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"5.15.174\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"3.15\"}, {\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"6.1.120\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"3.15\"}, {\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"6.6.66\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"3.15\"}, {\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"6.12.5\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"3.15\"}, {\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"6.13\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"3.15\"}], \"operator\": \"OR\"}]}], \"providerMetadata\": {\"orgId\": \"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\", \"shortName\": \"Linux\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2026-05-11T20:55:27.627Z\"}}}",
      "cveMetadata": "{\"cveId\": \"CVE-2024-56593\", \"state\": \"PUBLISHED\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2026-05-11T20:55:27.627Z\", \"dateReserved\": \"2024-12-27T14:03:06.003Z\", \"assignerOrgId\": \"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\", \"datePublished\": \"2024-12-27T14:51:00.466Z\", \"assignerShortName\": \"Linux\"}",
      "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
      "dataVersion": "5.2"
    }
  }
}


Log in or create an account to share your comment.




Tags
Taxonomy of the tags.




Sightings

Author Source Type Date

Nomenclature

  • Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or seen somewhere by the user.
  • Confirmed: The vulnerability is confirmed from an analyst perspective.
  • Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
  • Exploited: This vulnerability was exploited and seen by the user reporting the sighting.
  • Patched: This vulnerability was successfully patched by the user reporting the sighting.
  • Not exploited: This vulnerability was not exploited or seen by the user reporting the sighting.
  • Not confirmed: The user expresses doubt about the veracity of the vulnerability.
  • Not patched: This vulnerability was not successfully patched by the user reporting the sighting.