Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-125
AllowedOut-of-bounds Read
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product reads data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer.
4530 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-102225 (GCVE-0-2026-102225)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-13 19:01 – Updated: 2026-10-31 18:12
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Windows Text Shaping Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
Summary
Out-of-bounds read in Windows Text Shaping allows an unauthorized attacker to execute code over a network.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-13 21:15 UTC
Assigner
microsoft
CNA
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerabi… | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
21 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1607 |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.9612
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1809 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.9376
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 21H2 |
Affected:
10.0.19044.0 , < 10.0.19044.7807
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 22H2 |
Affected:
10.0.19045.0 , < 10.0.19045.7807
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 version 23H2 |
Affected:
10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.7652
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 23H2 |
Affected:
10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.7652
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 24H2 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.9711
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 25H2 |
Affected:
10.0.26200.0 , < 10.0.26200.9711
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 version 26H1 |
Affected:
10.0.28000.0 , < 10.0.28000.3231
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 26H2 |
Affected:
10.0.26300.0 , < 10.0.26300.9711
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 |
Affected:
6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.26434
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.26434
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 R2 |
Affected:
6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.23470
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.23470
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.9612
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.9612
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.9376
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.9376
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2022 |
Affected:
10.0.20348.0 , < 10.0.20348.5761
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.33650
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.33650
(custom)
|
Date Public
2026-10-13 14:00
{
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],
"product": "Windows 11 Version 24H2",
"vendor": "Microsoft",
"versions": [
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},
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"platforms": [
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],
"product": "Windows 11 Version 25H2",
"vendor": "Microsoft",
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]
},
{
"platforms": [
"x64-based Systems"
],
"product": "Windows Server 2012",
"vendor": "Microsoft",
"versions": [
{
"lessThan": "6.2.9200.26434",
"status": "affected",
"version": "6.2.9200.0",
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]
},
{
"platforms": [
"x64-based Systems"
],
"product": "Windows Server 2012 (Server Core installation)",
"vendor": "Microsoft",
"versions": [
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},
{
"platforms": [
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],
"product": "Windows Server 2012 R2",
"vendor": "Microsoft",
"versions": [
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"status": "affected",
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{
"platforms": [
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"product": "Windows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation)",
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{
"platforms": [
"x64-based Systems"
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"product": "Windows Server 2016",
"vendor": "Microsoft",
"versions": [
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{
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"product": "Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation)",
"vendor": "Microsoft",
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},
{
"platforms": [
"x64-based Systems"
],
"product": "Windows Server 2019",
"vendor": "Microsoft",
"versions": [
{
"lessThan": "10.0.17763.9376",
"status": "affected",
"version": "10.0.17763.0",
"versionType": "custom"
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]
},
{
"platforms": [
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],
"product": "Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation)",
"vendor": "Microsoft",
"versions": [
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"status": "affected",
"version": "10.0.17763.0",
"versionType": "custom"
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]
},
{
"platforms": [
"x64-based Systems"
],
"product": "Windows Server 2022",
"vendor": "Microsoft",
"versions": [
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"status": "affected",
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"vendor": "Microsoft",
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"version": "10.0.26100.0",
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},
{
"platforms": [
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],
"product": "Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation)",
"vendor": "Microsoft",
"versions": [
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"status": "affected",
"version": "10.0.26100.0",
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"cpeApplicability": [
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},
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},
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},
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"datePublic": "2026-10-13T14:00:00.000Z",
"descriptions": [
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}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"baseScore": 8.8,
"baseSeverity": "HIGH",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H/E:U/RL:O/RC:C",
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},
{
"cweId": "CWE-197",
"description": "CWE-197: Numeric Truncation Error",
"lang": "en-US",
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}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-10-31T18:12:37.884Z",
"orgId": "f38d906d-7342-40ea-92c1-6c4a2c6478c8",
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"references": [
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"tags": [
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"title": "Windows Text Shaping Remote Code Execution Vulnerability"
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"dateUpdated": "2026-10-31T18:12:37.884Z",
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}
CVE-2026-102198 (GCVE-0-2026-102198)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-13 19:01 – Updated: 2026-10-31 18:12
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Windows Remote Desktop Protocol Information Disclosure Vulnerability
Summary
Out-of-bounds read in Windows Remote Desktop Protocol allows an authorized attacker to disclose information over a network.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-13 21:17 UTC
CWE
- CWE-125 - Out-of-bounds Read
Assigner
microsoft
CNA
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerabi… | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
21 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1607 |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.9612
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1809 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.9376
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 21H2 |
Affected:
10.0.19044.0 , < 10.0.19044.7807
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 22H2 |
Affected:
10.0.19045.0 , < 10.0.19045.7807
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 version 23H2 |
Affected:
10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.7652
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 23H2 |
Affected:
10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.7652
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 24H2 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.9711
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 25H2 |
Affected:
10.0.26200.0 , < 10.0.26200.9711
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 version 26H1 |
Affected:
10.0.28000.0 , < 10.0.28000.3231
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 26H2 |
Affected:
10.0.26300.0 , < 10.0.26300.9711
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 |
Affected:
6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.26434
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.26434
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 R2 |
Affected:
6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.23470
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.23470
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.9612
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.9612
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.9376
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.9376
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2022 |
Affected:
10.0.20348.0 , < 10.0.20348.5761
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.33650
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.33650
(custom)
|
Date Public
2026-10-13 14:00
{
"containers": {
"adp": [
{
"metrics": [
{
"other": {
"content": {
"id": "CVE-2026-102198",
"options": [
{
"Exploitation": "none"
},
{
"Automatable": "no"
},
{
"Technical Impact": "partial"
}
],
"role": "CISA Coordinator",
"timestamp": "2026-10-13T21:17:07.773766Z",
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CVE-2026-102164 (GCVE-0-2026-102164)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-06 19:40 – Updated: 2026-10-06 20:07
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Security Advisory 0196
Summary
On affected Arista access points configured with VXLAN tunnelling and L2-proxy (a specific configuration unique to the VESPA use-case), a wireless client associated to the tunnelled SSID can send a crafted packet, causing the access point to reveal memory contents in network traffic. No write primitive or remote code execution is possible.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-06 20:07 UTC
CWE
- CWE-125 - Out-of-bounds Read
Assigner
Arista
CNA
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.arista.com/en/support/advisories-noti… | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arista Networks | Wi-Fi Access Points |
Affected:
22.0.0 , ≤ 22.0.1F-32
(custom)
Affected: 21.3.0 , ≤ 21.3.0M-13 (custom) Affected: 1.0.0 , < 21.3.0 (custom) |
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CVE-2026-102056 (GCVE-0-2026-102056)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-14 16:54 – Updated: 2026-10-16 16:36
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Junos OS and Junos OS Evolved: An attacker causes denial of service and information disclosure when Ethernet CFM is enabled
Summary
An Out-of-bounds Read vulnerability in the cfmd process of Juniper Networks Junos OS and Junos OS Evolved allows an unauthenticated adjacent-network attacker to crash the daemon and disclose limited process memory via a specific CFM Message sent to a configured interface.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-16 16:36 UTC
CWE
- CWE-125 - Out-of-bounds Read
Assigner
juniper
CNA
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://supportportal.juniper.net/JSA112187 | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Juniper Networks | Junos OS |
Affected:
0 , < 23.2R2-S7.7
(custom)
Affected: 23.4 , < 23.4R2-S8.13 (custom) Affected: 24.2 , < 24.2R2-S5.5 (custom) Affected: 24.4 , < 24.4R2-S5 (custom) Affected: 25.2 , < 25.2R2-S2 (custom) Affected: 25.4 , < 25.4R1-S3 (custom) Affected: 26.2 , < 26.2R1-S2 (custom) |
|
| Juniper Networks | Junos OS Evolved |
Affected:
0 , < 23.2R2-S7.7-EVO
(custom)
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Date Public
2026-10-14 16:00
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CVE-2026-101946 (GCVE-0-2026-101946)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-14 16:42 – Updated: 2026-10-16 15:31
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Junos OS and Junos OS Evolved: An attacker causes rpd process memory disclosure when IPv6 LDP is used
Summary
An Out-of-bounds Read vulnerability in the rpd process of Juniper Networks Junos OS and Junos OS Evolved allows an adjacent low-privilege attacker to disclose limited rpd process memory and disrupt an LDP adjacency via an IPv6 LDP message.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-16 15:22 UTC
CWE
- CWE-125 - Out-of-bounds Read
Assigner
juniper
CNA
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://supportportal.juniper.net/JSA112187 | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Juniper Networks | Junos OS |
Affected:
0 , < 23.2R2-S7.7
(custom)
Affected: 23.4 , < 23.4R2-S8.13 (custom) Affected: 24.2 , < 24.2R2-S5.5 (custom) Affected: 24.4 , < 24.4R2-S5 (custom) Affected: 25.2 , < 25.2R2-S2 (custom) Affected: 25.4 , < 25.4R1-S3 (custom) Affected: 26.2 , < 26.2R1-S2 (custom) |
|
| Juniper Networks | Junos OS Evolved |
Affected:
0 , < 23.2R2-S7.7-EVO
(custom)
Affected: 23.4 , < 23.4R2-S8.11-EVO (custom) Affected: 24.2 , < 24.2R2-S5.6-EVO (custom) Affected: 24.4 , < 24.4R2-S5-EVO (custom) Affected: 25.2 , < 25.2R2-S2-EVO (custom) Affected: 25.4 , < 25.4R1-S3-EVO (custom) Affected: 26.2 , < 26.2R1-S2-EVO (custom) Affected: 23.4X100 (custom) Affected: 25.2X100 , < 25.2X100-D35-EVO (custom) Affected: 25.4X300 , < 25.4X300-D40-EVO (custom) |
Date Public
2026-10-14 16:00
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CVE-2026-101290 (GCVE-0-2026-101290)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-15 08:53 – Updated: 2026-10-15 13:49
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
CVE-2026-101290
Summary
A remote attacker may send a specially crafted network packet that causes the
affected application to perform an out-of-bounds memory read due to insufficient validation of
packet length. This may result in an application crash and a denial-of-service condition.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-15 13:49 UTC
CWE
- CWE-125 - Out-of-bounds read
Assigner
SICK AG
CNA
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.sick.com/psirt | x_SICK PSIRT Security Advisories |
| https://www.sick.com/media/docs/9/19/719/special_… | x_SICK Operating Guidelines |
| https://www.cisa.gov/resources-tools/resources/ic… | x_ICS-CERT recommended practices on Industrial Security |
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| https://www.sick.com/.well-known/csaf/white/2026/… | x_The canonical URL. |
| https://www.sick.com/.well-known/csaf/white/2026/… | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SICK AG | Sick_Safetyscanners_Base CPP Driver |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 1.0.4
(custom)
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CVE-2026-101205 (GCVE-0-2026-101205)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-28 22:00 – Updated: 2026-09-29 12:43 X_Freeware
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
FastStone Image Viewer PCX Decoder out-of-bounds
Summary
A vulnerability was determined in FastStone Image Viewer up to 8.3. This impacts an unknown function of the component PCX Decoder. This manipulation causes out-of-bounds read. The attack may be initiated remotely. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-29 12:41 UTC
Assigner
VulDB
CNA
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/411014 | vdb-entry |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/411014/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-101205 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/907618 | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| FastStone | Image Viewer |
Affected:
8.0
Affected: 8.1 Affected: 8.2 Affected: 8.3 cpe:2.3:a:faststone:image_viewer:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-101204 (GCVE-0-2026-101204)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-28 21:45 – Updated: 2026-10-01 15:05 X_Freeware
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
FastStone Image Viewer TGA Image FSViewer.exe out-of-bounds
Summary
A vulnerability was found in FastStone Image Viewer up to 8.3. This affects an unknown function of the file FSViewer.exe of the component TGA Image Handler. The manipulation results in out-of-bounds read. The attack can be launched remotely. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-01 15:04 UTC
Assigner
VulDB
CNA
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/411013 | vdb-entry |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/411013/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-101204 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/907608 | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
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| FastStone | Image Viewer |
Affected:
8.0
Affected: 8.1 Affected: 8.2 Affected: 8.3 cpe:2.3:a:faststone:image_viewer:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-101201 (GCVE-0-2026-101201)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-20 08:20 – Updated: 2026-10-20 15:56
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
QBinaryJson::fromBinaryData() integer overflow leading to OOB read
Summary
A malformed header in the binary file fed to QBinaryJson::fromBinaryData() can cause undefined behaviour because of out-of-bounds read.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-20 15:56 UTC
Assigner
Qt
CNA
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://wiki.qt.io/List_of_known_vulnerabilities_… | vendor-advisory |
| https://codereview.qt-project.org/c/qt/qt5compat/… | patch |
| https://codereview.qt-project.org/c/qt/qt5compat/… | patch |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-100505 (GCVE-0-2026-100505)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-26 00:36 – Updated: 2026-10-05 14:55
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Ghidra 9.2 through 12.1.4 Heap Out-of-Bounds Read via StringManager
Summary
Ghidra versions 9.2 through 12.1.4 contain a heap out-of-bounds read vulnerability in StringManager::getCodepoint when decoding multi-byte UTF-8, UTF-16, or UTF-32 characters without validating remaining buffer length. Attackers can craft malicious binaries containing strings or constant byte stores that end in multi-byte lead units to trigger out-of-bounds reads that crash the decompiler or leak adjacent heap memory into decompiled output.
Severity
4.4 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-05 14:01 UTC
CWE
- CWE-125 - Out-of-bounds Read
Assigner
VulnCheck
CNA
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/NationalSecurityAgency/ghidra/… | patch |
| https://github.com/NationalSecurityAgency/ghidra | product |
| https://github.com/NationalSecurityAgency/ghidra/… | technical-description |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/ghidra-11.2-… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| NationalSecurityAgency | ghidra |
Affected:
9.2 , ≤ 12.1.4
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:nsa:ghidra:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
Date Public
2026-09-18 00:00
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Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- To reduce the likelihood of introducing an out-of-bounds read, ensure that you validate and ensure correct calculations for any length argument, buffer size calculation, or offset. Be especially careful of relying on a sentinel (i.e. special character such as NUL) in untrusted inputs.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Language Selection
Use a language that provides appropriate memory abstractions.
CAPEC-540: Overread Buffers
An adversary attacks a target by providing input that causes an application to read beyond the boundary of a defined buffer. This typically occurs when a value influencing where to start or stop reading is set to reflect positions outside of the valid memory location of the buffer. This type of attack may result in exposure of sensitive information, a system crash, or arbitrary code execution.