CVE-2025-39677 (GCVE-0-2025-39677)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5
Published
2025-09-05 17:20
Modified
2026-10-21 12:37
Severity ?
7.8 (High) - CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Summary
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net/sched: Fix backlog accounting in qdisc_dequeue_internal This issue applies for the following qdiscs: hhf, fq, fq_codel, and fq_pie, and occurs in their change handlers when adjusting to the new limit. The problem is the following in the values passed to the subsequent qdisc_tree_reduce_backlog call given a tbf parent: When the tbf parent runs out of tokens, skbs of these qdiscs will be placed in gso_skb. Their peek handlers are qdisc_peek_dequeued, which accounts for both qlen and backlog. However, in the case of qdisc_dequeue_internal, ONLY qlen is accounted for when pulling from gso_skb. This means that these qdiscs are missing a qdisc_qstats_backlog_dec when dropping packets to satisfy the new limit in their change handlers. One can observe this issue with the following (with tc patched to support a limit of 0): export TARGET=fq tc qdisc del dev lo root tc qdisc add dev lo root handle 1: tbf rate 8bit burst 100b latency 1ms tc qdisc replace dev lo handle 3: parent 1:1 $TARGET limit 1000 echo ''; echo 'add child'; tc -s -d qdisc show dev lo ping -I lo -f -c2 -s32 -W0.001 127.0.0.1 2>&1 >/dev/null echo ''; echo 'after ping'; tc -s -d qdisc show dev lo tc qdisc change dev lo handle 3: parent 1:1 $TARGET limit 0 echo ''; echo 'after limit drop'; tc -s -d qdisc show dev lo tc qdisc replace dev lo handle 2: parent 1:1 sfq echo ''; echo 'post graft'; tc -s -d qdisc show dev lo The second to last show command shows 0 packets but a positive number (74) of backlog bytes. The problem becomes clearer in the last show command, where qdisc_purge_queue triggers qdisc_tree_reduce_backlog with the positive backlog and causes an underflow in the tbf parent's backlog (4096 Mb instead of 0). To fix this issue, the codepath for all clients of qdisc_dequeue_internal has been simplified: codel, pie, hhf, fq, fq_pie, and fq_codel. qdisc_dequeue_internal handles the backlog adjustments for all cases that do not directly use the dequeue handler. The old fq_codel_change limit adjustment loop accumulated the arguments to the subsequent qdisc_tree_reduce_backlog call through the cstats field. However, this is confusing and error prone as fq_codel_dequeue could also potentially mutate this field (which qdisc_dequeue_internal calls in the non gso_skb case), so we have unified the code here with other qdiscs.
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Linux Linux Version: 4b549a2ef4bef9965d97cbd992ba67930cd3e0fe
Version: 4b549a2ef4bef9965d97cbd992ba67930cd3e0fe
Version: 4b549a2ef4bef9965d97cbd992ba67930cd3e0fe
Version: 4b549a2ef4bef9965d97cbd992ba67930cd3e0fe
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              "value": "AV:L - The vulnerability is reached exclusively through RTM_NEWQDISC/tc netlink messages that invoke the qdisc -\u003echange() handlers on a local netlink socket. Per kernel scoring guidance, tc/netlink qdisc configuration is a local attack vector.\nAC:L - The commit message contains a fully deterministic reproducer (tbf parent + fq child, ping to fill the queue, then change the limit and graft) with no race, no memory-layout dependence, and no non-default kernel config \u2014 fq and fq_codel are built in on virtually all distributions and fq_codel is the default qdisc.\nPR:L - tc_modify_qdisc is gated only by netlink_net_capable(skb, CAP_NET_ADMIN), which is evaluated against net-\u003euser_ns, so an unprivileged user obtains it with `unshare -Urn` and configures qdiscs on the loopback device in the new namespace. No real root in the init namespace is needed.\nUI:N - The attacker performs the entire sequence \u2014 creating the qdisc hierarchy, generating traffic into the queue, changing the limit, and grafting \u2014 with no victim action required.\nS:U - The corrupted state and its consequences are confined to the kernel\u0027s qdisc tree within the same security authority; there is no VM, IOMMU, or sandbox boundary crossed.\nC:H - The qdisc queue-accounting desync is the same primitive that has repeatedly escalated to use-after-free on qdisc class objects via wrongly-driven cops-\u003eqlen_notify() (CVE-2025-21703, CVE-2025-38000/38001), and a UAF on those objects yields attacker-controlled reads of freed kernel memory.\nI:H - The bug produces an attacker-controlled u32 underflow of qstats.backlog that propagates through qdisc_tree_reduce_backlog into every ancestor qdisc, corrupting kernel state that drives class active-list maintenance and enqueue/drop decisions; the resulting accounting desync is exploitable for heap corruption in the same manner as the prior net/sched accounting CVEs.\nA:H - The underflowed backlog permanently blackholes the device (bfifo/plug limit checks and sch_red\u0027s qavg see a ~4 GiB queue and drop everything), and the unguarded pre-fix trim loops give an outright kernel oops via qdisc_pkt_len(NULL) in codel/pie/fq_pie/fq_codel or an infinite loop in hhf while holding sch_tree_lock and RTNL."
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The problem is the following in the values passed to the\\nsubsequent qdisc_tree_reduce_backlog call given a tbf parent:\\n\\n   When the tbf parent runs out of tokens, skbs of these qdiscs will\\n   be placed in gso_skb. Their peek handlers are qdisc_peek_dequeued,\\n   which accounts for both qlen and backlog. However, in the case of\\n   qdisc_dequeue_internal, ONLY qlen is accounted for when pulling\\n   from gso_skb. This means that these qdiscs are missing a\\n   qdisc_qstats_backlog_dec when dropping packets to satisfy the\\n   new limit in their change handlers.\\n\\n   One can observe this issue with the following (with tc patched to\\n   support a limit of 0):\\n\\n   export TARGET=fq\\n   tc qdisc del dev lo root\\n   tc qdisc add dev lo root handle 1: tbf rate 8bit burst 100b latency 1ms\\n   tc qdisc replace dev lo handle 3: parent 1:1 $TARGET limit 1000\\n   echo \u0027\u0027; echo \u0027add child\u0027; tc -s -d qdisc show dev lo\\n   ping -I lo -f -c2 -s32 -W0.001 127.0.0.1 2\u003e\u00261 \u003e/dev/null\\n   echo \u0027\u0027; echo \u0027after ping\u0027; tc -s -d qdisc show dev lo\\n   tc qdisc change dev lo handle 3: parent 1:1 $TARGET limit 0\\n   echo \u0027\u0027; echo \u0027after limit drop\u0027; tc -s -d qdisc show dev lo\\n   tc qdisc replace dev lo handle 2: parent 1:1 sfq\\n   echo \u0027\u0027; echo \u0027post graft\u0027; tc -s -d qdisc show dev lo\\n\\n   The second to last show command shows 0 packets but a positive\\n   number (74) of backlog bytes. The problem becomes clearer in the\\n   last show command, where qdisc_purge_queue triggers\\n   qdisc_tree_reduce_backlog with the positive backlog and causes an\\n   underflow in the tbf parent\u0027s backlog (4096 Mb instead of 0).\\n\\nTo fix this issue, the codepath for all clients of qdisc_dequeue_internal\\nhas been simplified: codel, pie, hhf, fq, fq_pie, and fq_codel.\\nqdisc_dequeue_internal handles the backlog adjustments for all cases that\\ndo not directly use the dequeue handler.\\n\\nThe old fq_codel_change limit adjustment loop accumulated the arguments to\\nthe subsequent qdisc_tree_reduce_backlog call through the cstats field.\\nHowever, this is confusing and error prone as fq_codel_dequeue could also\\npotentially mutate this field (which qdisc_dequeue_internal calls in the\\nnon gso_skb case), so we have unified the code here with other qdiscs.\"}], \"cpeApplicability\": [{\"nodes\": [{\"negate\": false, \"cpeMatch\": [{\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"6.6.160\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"3.5\"}, {\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"6.12.114\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"3.5\"}, {\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"6.16.4\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"3.5\"}, {\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"6.17\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"3.5\"}], \"operator\": \"OR\"}]}], \"providerMetadata\": {\"orgId\": \"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\", \"shortName\": \"Linux\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2026-10-21T12:37:15.872Z\"}}}",
      "cveMetadata": "{\"cveId\": \"CVE-2025-39677\", \"state\": \"PUBLISHED\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2026-10-21T12:37:15.872Z\", \"dateReserved\": \"2025-04-16T07:20:57.112Z\", \"assignerOrgId\": \"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\", \"datePublished\": \"2025-09-05T17:20:43.145Z\", \"assignerShortName\": \"Linux\"}",
      "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
      "dataVersion": "5.2"
    }
  }
}


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