CVE-2025-22045 (GCVE-0-2025-22045)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5
Published
2025-04-16 14:12
Modified
2026-08-05 11:56
Severity ?
7.8 (High) - CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Summary
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: x86/mm: Fix flush_tlb_range() when used for zapping normal PMDs On the following path, flush_tlb_range() can be used for zapping normal PMD entries (PMD entries that point to page tables) together with the PTE entries in the pointed-to page table: collapse_pte_mapped_thp pmdp_collapse_flush flush_tlb_range The arm64 version of flush_tlb_range() has a comment describing that it can be used for page table removal, and does not use any last-level invalidation optimizations. Fix the X86 version by making it behave the same way. Currently, X86 only uses this information for the following two purposes, which I think means the issue doesn't have much impact: - In native_flush_tlb_multi() for checking if lazy TLB CPUs need to be IPI'd to avoid issues with speculative page table walks. - In Hyper-V TLB paravirtualization, again for lazy TLB stuff. The patch "x86/mm: only invalidate final translations with INVLPGB" which is currently under review (see <https://lore.kernel.org/all/20241230175550.4046587-13-riel@surriel.com/>) would probably be making the impact of this a lot worse.
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Linux Linux Version: 016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536
Version: 016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536
Version: 016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536
Version: 016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536
Version: 016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536
Version: 016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536
Version: 016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536
Version: 016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536
Version: 016c4d92cd16f569c6485ae62b076c1a4b779536
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            "url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/05/msg00030.html"
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          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nx86/mm: Fix flush_tlb_range() when used for zapping normal PMDs\n\nOn the following path, flush_tlb_range() can be used for zapping normal\nPMD entries (PMD entries that point to page tables) together with the PTE\nentries in the pointed-to page table:\n\n    collapse_pte_mapped_thp\n      pmdp_collapse_flush\n        flush_tlb_range\n\nThe arm64 version of flush_tlb_range() has a comment describing that it can\nbe used for page table removal, and does not use any last-level\ninvalidation optimizations. Fix the X86 version by making it behave the\nsame way.\n\nCurrently, X86 only uses this information for the following two purposes,\nwhich I think means the issue doesn\u0027t have much impact:\n\n - In native_flush_tlb_multi() for checking if lazy TLB CPUs need to be\n   IPI\u0027d to avoid issues with speculative page table walks.\n - In Hyper-V TLB paravirtualization, again for lazy TLB stuff.\n\nThe patch \"x86/mm: only invalidate final translations with INVLPGB\" which\nis currently under review (see\n\u003chttps://lore.kernel.org/all/20241230175550.4046587-13-riel@surriel.com/\u003e)\nwould probably be making the impact of this a lot worse."
        }
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            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
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            "version": "3.1"
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              "value": "AV:L - The vulnerable path is reached from the `madvise(MADV_COLLAPSE)` syscall (or khugepaged) on the calling process\u0027s own address space, requiring local access to the system. There is no remote or adjacent-network entry point into `pmdp_collapse_flush()`.\nAC:L - The attacker controls every element needed: triggering the PMD zap via `MADV_COLLAPSE` on demand, pinning threads so remote CPUs enter lazy TLB mode with the mm still in CR3, generating kernel work so those lazy CPUs are actively executing, and spraying the page-table page after `pte_free_defer()` releases it. Both sides of the window are attacker-created and the sequence can be repeated indefinitely.\nPR:L - `MADV_COLLAPSE` on the caller\u0027s own mm has no capability check in `mm/madvise.c` (the `CAP_SYS_ADMIN` test at line 1362 covers `MADV_HWPOISON`, and `CAP_SYS_NICE` at line 1803 only applies to remote mms). Any unprivileged local user, including one inside a container or user namespace, can drive the path.\nUI:N - The attacker triggers the collapse entirely from its own process via a syscall; no action by any other user or administrator is needed. khugepaged also reaches the same path autonomously.\nS:U - The stale paging-structure state and any resulting corruption stay within the kernel\u0027s own security authority on the affected host or guest. No IOMMU, hypervisor, or VM boundary is crossed.\nC:H - A lazy-TLB CPU speculatively walking the freed-and-reused page-table page interprets attacker-sprayable memory as PTEs, which can map user virtual addresses to arbitrary physical frames and expose their contents through transient execution. That amounts to an arbitrary physical-memory read primitive rather than a bounded leak.\nI:H - The same bogus paging-structure entries constructed from attacker-controlled data can point a user virtual address at arbitrary physical memory, giving a write primitive over kernel or other-process pages. Corruption of page-table translations is directly leverageable for control-flow hijacking and privilege escalation.\nA:H - Speculative page-table walks over a freed page can resolve to non-existent or non-RAM physical addresses, producing machine checks, oopses, or otherwise unpredictable CPU behavior that panics the machine. Any resulting translation corruption also crashes the affected process and kernel."
            }
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          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/7085895c59e4057ffae17f58990ccb630087d0d2"
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    "assignerShortName": "Linux",
    "cveId": "CVE-2025-22045",
    "datePublished": "2025-04-16T14:12:05.849Z",
    "dateReserved": "2024-12-29T08:45:45.810Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T11:56:18.577Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
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}


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