CVE-2025-22025 (GCVE-0-2025-22025)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5
Published
2025-04-16 14:11
Modified
2026-10-15 21:51
Severity ?
7.5 (High) - CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Summary
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: nfsd: put dl_stid if fail to queue dl_recall Before calling nfsd4_run_cb to queue dl_recall to the callback_wq, we increment the reference count of dl_stid. We expect that after the corresponding work_struct is processed, the reference count of dl_stid will be decremented through the callback function nfsd4_cb_recall_release. However, if the call to nfsd4_run_cb fails, the incremented reference count of dl_stid will not be decremented correspondingly, leading to the following nfs4_stid leak: unreferenced object 0xffff88812067b578 (size 344): comm "nfsd", pid 2761, jiffies 4295044002 (age 5541.241s) hex dump (first 32 bytes): 01 00 00 00 6b 6b 6b 6b b8 02 c0 e2 81 88 ff ff ....kkkk........ 00 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 00 00 00 00 ad 4e ad de .kkkkkkk.....N.. backtrace: kmem_cache_alloc+0x4b9/0x700 nfsd4_process_open1+0x34/0x300 nfsd4_open+0x2d1/0x9d0 nfsd4_proc_compound+0x7a2/0xe30 nfsd_dispatch+0x241/0x3e0 svc_process_common+0x5d3/0xcc0 svc_process+0x2a3/0x320 nfsd+0x180/0x2e0 kthread+0x199/0x1d0 ret_from_fork+0x30/0x50 ret_from_fork_asm+0x1b/0x30 unreferenced object 0xffff8881499f4d28 (size 368): comm "nfsd", pid 2761, jiffies 4295044005 (age 5541.239s) hex dump (first 32 bytes): 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 30 4d 9f 49 81 88 ff ff ........0M.I.... 30 4d 9f 49 81 88 ff ff 20 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 0M.I.... ....... backtrace: kmem_cache_alloc+0x4b9/0x700 nfs4_alloc_stid+0x29/0x210 alloc_init_deleg+0x92/0x2e0 nfs4_set_delegation+0x284/0xc00 nfs4_open_delegation+0x216/0x3f0 nfsd4_process_open2+0x2b3/0xee0 nfsd4_open+0x770/0x9d0 nfsd4_proc_compound+0x7a2/0xe30 nfsd_dispatch+0x241/0x3e0 svc_process_common+0x5d3/0xcc0 svc_process+0x2a3/0x320 nfsd+0x180/0x2e0 kthread+0x199/0x1d0 ret_from_fork+0x30/0x50 ret_from_fork_asm+0x1b/0x30 Fix it by checking the result of nfsd4_run_cb and call nfs4_put_stid if fail to queue dl_recall.
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Linux Linux Version: b5a1a81e5c25fb6bb3fdc1812ba69ff6ab638fcf
Version: b5a1a81e5c25fb6bb3fdc1812ba69ff6ab638fcf
Version: b5a1a81e5c25fb6bb3fdc1812ba69ff6ab638fcf
Version: b5a1a81e5c25fb6bb3fdc1812ba69ff6ab638fcf
Version: b5a1a81e5c25fb6bb3fdc1812ba69ff6ab638fcf
Version: b5a1a81e5c25fb6bb3fdc1812ba69ff6ab638fcf
Version: b5a1a81e5c25fb6bb3fdc1812ba69ff6ab638fcf
Version: b5a1a81e5c25fb6bb3fdc1812ba69ff6ab638fcf
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      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nnfsd: put dl_stid if fail to queue dl_recall\n\nBefore calling nfsd4_run_cb to queue dl_recall to the callback_wq, we\nincrement the reference count of dl_stid.\nWe expect that after the corresponding work_struct is processed, the\nreference count of dl_stid will be decremented through the callback\nfunction nfsd4_cb_recall_release.\nHowever, if the call to nfsd4_run_cb fails, the incremented reference\ncount of dl_stid will not be decremented correspondingly, leading to the\nfollowing nfs4_stid leak:\nunreferenced object 0xffff88812067b578 (size 344):\n  comm \"nfsd\", pid 2761, jiffies 4295044002 (age 5541.241s)\n  hex dump (first 32 bytes):\n    01 00 00 00 6b 6b 6b 6b b8 02 c0 e2 81 88 ff ff  ....kkkk........\n    00 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 00 00 00 00 ad 4e ad de  .kkkkkkk.....N..\n  backtrace:\n    kmem_cache_alloc+0x4b9/0x700\n    nfsd4_process_open1+0x34/0x300\n    nfsd4_open+0x2d1/0x9d0\n    nfsd4_proc_compound+0x7a2/0xe30\n    nfsd_dispatch+0x241/0x3e0\n    svc_process_common+0x5d3/0xcc0\n    svc_process+0x2a3/0x320\n    nfsd+0x180/0x2e0\n    kthread+0x199/0x1d0\n    ret_from_fork+0x30/0x50\n    ret_from_fork_asm+0x1b/0x30\nunreferenced object 0xffff8881499f4d28 (size 368):\n  comm \"nfsd\", pid 2761, jiffies 4295044005 (age 5541.239s)\n  hex dump (first 32 bytes):\n    01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 30 4d 9f 49 81 88 ff ff  ........0M.I....\n    30 4d 9f 49 81 88 ff ff 20 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  0M.I.... .......\n  backtrace:\n    kmem_cache_alloc+0x4b9/0x700\n    nfs4_alloc_stid+0x29/0x210\n    alloc_init_deleg+0x92/0x2e0\n    nfs4_set_delegation+0x284/0xc00\n    nfs4_open_delegation+0x216/0x3f0\n    nfsd4_process_open2+0x2b3/0xee0\n    nfsd4_open+0x770/0x9d0\n    nfsd4_proc_compound+0x7a2/0xe30\n    nfsd_dispatch+0x241/0x3e0\n    svc_process_common+0x5d3/0xcc0\n    svc_process+0x2a3/0x320\n    nfsd+0x180/0x2e0\n    kthread+0x199/0x1d0\n    ret_from_fork+0x30/0x50\n    ret_from_fork_asm+0x1b/0x30\nFix it by checking the result of nfsd4_run_cb and call nfs4_put_stid if\nfail to queue dl_recall."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "baseScore": 7.5,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "AV:N - The bug is in the in-kernel NFSv4 server (fs/nfsd/nfs4state.c) delegation-recall path; a remote NFS client drives it entirely over the network by obtaining a delegation via OPEN and then issuing conflicting opens that trigger nfsd_break_deleg_cb/nfsd_break_one_deleg.\nAC:L - The attacker controls both sides: it obtains the write delegation itself, then issues a read-open (FL_DOWNGRADE_PENDING break) followed by a write-open (FL_UNLOCK_PENDING break), producing two lm_break calls; because cl_callback_wq is an alloc_ordered_workqueue (max_active=1) that the attacker can keep backed up with other pending callbacks, dl_recall stays in the WORK_STRUCT_PENDING state long enough that the second queue_work() reliably fails and leaks the refcount.\nPR:N - NFSv4 OPEN and delegation acquisition on a typical AUTH_SYS export require no verified credentials \u2014 any host permitted by the export list can mount and self-assert a uid \u2014 so the code is reachable by an unauthenticated network peer, matching prior nfsd OPEN/delegation-path scoring.\nUI:N - No victim action is needed; the attacker\u0027s own client (or two of its threads/connections) supplies both the delegation and the conflicting opens that force the lease break.\nS:U - The leaked references and their consequences are confined to the kernel\u0027s own memory and the nfsd subsystem; no security authority boundary such as a VM or IOMMU domain is crossed.\nC:N - The defect is a reference count that is incremented and never dropped, so objects live longer than intended rather than being freed early; there is no out-of-bounds read, no use-after-free, and no path by which attacker-visible data is disclosed.\nI:N - Nothing is written out of bounds or freed prematurely \u2014 the missing nfs4_put_stid only over-holds a valid object \u2014 so no kernel or file data can be modified through this bug.\nA:H - Each occurrence permanently leaks an nfs4_delegation/nfs4_stid (344 + 368 bytes) and pins the associated nfs4_file, nfsd_file and inode, and the attacker can repeat this across arbitrarily many files for unbounded kernel memory exhaustion leading to OOM; it additionally trips WARN_ON_ONCE (a panic under panic_on_warn), prevents the exported filesystem from being unmounted, and leaves nfsd_file objects outstanding at nfs-server shutdown."
            }
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        "orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
        "shortName": "Linux"
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      "references": [
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          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/b874cdef4e67e5150e07eff0eae1cbb21fb92da1"
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        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/cdb796137c57e68ca34518d53be53b679351eb86"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d96587cc93ec369031bcd7658c6adc719873c9fd"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9a81cde8c7ce65dd90fb47ceea93a45fc1a2fbd1"
        },
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          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/cad3479b63661a399c9df1d0b759e1806e2df3c8"
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        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/230ca758453c63bd38e4d9f4a21db698f7abada8"
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      "title": "nfsd: put dl_stid if fail to queue dl_recall",
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  "cveMetadata": {
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    "assignerShortName": "Linux",
    "cveId": "CVE-2025-22025",
    "datePublished": "2025-04-16T14:11:46.624Z",
    "dateReserved": "2024-12-29T08:45:45.807Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-10-15T21:51:56.827Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
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[{\"cvssV3_1\": {\"version\": \"3.1\", \"baseScore\": 7.5, \"baseSeverity\": \"HIGH\", \"vectorString\": \"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H\"}, \"scenarios\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"value\": \"AV:N - The bug is in the in-kernel NFSv4 server (fs/nfsd/nfs4state.c) delegation-recall path; a remote NFS client drives it entirely over the network by obtaining a delegation via OPEN and then issuing conflicting opens that trigger nfsd_break_deleg_cb/nfsd_break_one_deleg.\\nAC:L - The attacker controls both sides: it obtains the write delegation itself, then issues a read-open (FL_DOWNGRADE_PENDING break) followed by a write-open (FL_UNLOCK_PENDING break), producing two lm_break calls; because cl_callback_wq is an alloc_ordered_workqueue (max_active=1) that the attacker can keep backed up with other pending callbacks, dl_recall stays in the WORK_STRUCT_PENDING state long enough that the second queue_work() reliably fails and leaks the refcount.\\nPR:N - NFSv4 OPEN and delegation acquisition on a typical AUTH_SYS export require no verified credentials \\u2014 any host permitted by the export list can mount and self-assert a uid \\u2014 so the code is reachable by an unauthenticated network peer, matching prior nfsd OPEN/delegation-path scoring.\\nUI:N - No victim action is needed; the attacker\u0027s own client (or two of its threads/connections) supplies both the delegation and the conflicting opens that force the lease break.\\nS:U - The leaked references and their consequences are confined to the kernel\u0027s own memory and the nfsd subsystem; no security authority boundary such as a VM or IOMMU domain is crossed.\\nC:N - The defect is a reference count that is incremented and never dropped, so objects live longer than intended rather than being freed early; there is no out-of-bounds read, no use-after-free, and no path by which attacker-visible data is disclosed.\\nI:N - Nothing is written out of bounds or freed prematurely \\u2014 the missing nfs4_put_stid only over-holds a valid object \\u2014 so no kernel or file data can be modified through this bug.\\nA:H - Each occurrence permanently leaks an nfs4_delegation/nfs4_stid (344 + 368 bytes) and pins the associated nfs4_file, nfsd_file and inode, and the attacker can repeat this across arbitrarily many files for unbounded kernel memory exhaustion leading to OOM; it additionally trips WARN_ON_ONCE (a panic under panic_on_warn), prevents the exported filesystem from being unmounted, and leaves nfsd_file objects outstanding at nfs-server shutdown.\"}]}], \"affected\": [{\"repo\": \"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git\", \"vendor\": \"Linux\", \"product\": \"Linux\", \"versions\": [{\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"b5a1a81e5c25fb6bb3fdc1812ba69ff6ab638fcf\", \"lessThan\": \"b874cdef4e67e5150e07eff0eae1cbb21fb92da1\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"b5a1a81e5c25fb6bb3fdc1812ba69ff6ab638fcf\", \"lessThan\": \"cdb796137c57e68ca34518d53be53b679351eb86\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"b5a1a81e5c25fb6bb3fdc1812ba69ff6ab638fcf\", \"lessThan\": \"d96587cc93ec369031bcd7658c6adc719873c9fd\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"b5a1a81e5c25fb6bb3fdc1812ba69ff6ab638fcf\", \"lessThan\": \"9a81cde8c7ce65dd90fb47ceea93a45fc1a2fbd1\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"b5a1a81e5c25fb6bb3fdc1812ba69ff6ab638fcf\", \"lessThan\": \"cad3479b63661a399c9df1d0b759e1806e2df3c8\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"b5a1a81e5c25fb6bb3fdc1812ba69ff6ab638fcf\", \"lessThan\": \"63b91c8ff4589f5263873b24c052447a28e10ef7\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"b5a1a81e5c25fb6bb3fdc1812ba69ff6ab638fcf\", \"lessThan\": \"133f5e2a37ce08c82d24e8fba65e0a81deae4609\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"b5a1a81e5c25fb6bb3fdc1812ba69ff6ab638fcf\", \"lessThan\": \"230ca758453c63bd38e4d9f4a21db698f7abada8\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}], \"programFiles\": [\"fs/nfsd/nfs4state.c\"], \"defaultStatus\": \"unaffected\"}, {\"repo\": \"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git\", \"vendor\": \"Linux\", \"product\": \"Linux\", \"versions\": [{\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"2.6.35\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"0\", \"lessThan\": \"2.6.35\", \"versionType\": \"semver\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"5.10.236\", \"versionType\": \"semver\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"5.10.*\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"5.15.180\", \"versionType\": \"semver\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"5.15.*\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"6.1.134\", \"versionType\": \"semver\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"6.1.*\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"6.6.87\", \"versionType\": \"semver\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"6.6.*\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"6.12.23\", \"versionType\": \"semver\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"6.12.*\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"6.13.11\", \"versionType\": \"semver\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"6.13.*\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"6.14.2\", \"versionType\": \"semver\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"6.14.*\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"6.15\", \"versionType\": \"original_commit_for_fix\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"*\"}], \"programFiles\": [\"fs/nfsd/nfs4state.c\"], \"defaultStatus\": \"affected\"}], \"references\": [{\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/b874cdef4e67e5150e07eff0eae1cbb21fb92da1\"}, {\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/cdb796137c57e68ca34518d53be53b679351eb86\"}, {\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d96587cc93ec369031bcd7658c6adc719873c9fd\"}, {\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9a81cde8c7ce65dd90fb47ceea93a45fc1a2fbd1\"}, {\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/cad3479b63661a399c9df1d0b759e1806e2df3c8\"}, {\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/63b91c8ff4589f5263873b24c052447a28e10ef7\"}, {\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/133f5e2a37ce08c82d24e8fba65e0a81deae4609\"}, {\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/230ca758453c63bd38e4d9f4a21db698f7abada8\"}], \"x_generator\": {\"engine\": \"bippy-1.2.0\"}, \"descriptions\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"value\": \"In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\\n\\nnfsd: put dl_stid if fail to queue dl_recall\\n\\nBefore calling nfsd4_run_cb to queue dl_recall to the callback_wq, we\\nincrement the reference count of dl_stid.\\nWe expect that after the corresponding work_struct is processed, the\\nreference count of dl_stid will be decremented through the callback\\nfunction nfsd4_cb_recall_release.\\nHowever, if the call to nfsd4_run_cb fails, the incremented reference\\ncount of dl_stid will not be decremented correspondingly, leading to the\\nfollowing nfs4_stid leak:\\nunreferenced object 0xffff88812067b578 (size 344):\\n  comm \\\"nfsd\\\", pid 2761, jiffies 4295044002 (age 5541.241s)\\n  hex dump (first 32 bytes):\\n    01 00 00 00 6b 6b 6b 6b b8 02 c0 e2 81 88 ff ff  ....kkkk........\\n    00 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 6b 00 00 00 00 ad 4e ad de  .kkkkkkk.....N..\\n  backtrace:\\n    kmem_cache_alloc+0x4b9/0x700\\n    nfsd4_process_open1+0x34/0x300\\n    nfsd4_open+0x2d1/0x9d0\\n    nfsd4_proc_compound+0x7a2/0xe30\\n    nfsd_dispatch+0x241/0x3e0\\n    svc_process_common+0x5d3/0xcc0\\n    svc_process+0x2a3/0x320\\n    nfsd+0x180/0x2e0\\n    kthread+0x199/0x1d0\\n    ret_from_fork+0x30/0x50\\n    ret_from_fork_asm+0x1b/0x30\\nunreferenced object 0xffff8881499f4d28 (size 368):\\n  comm \\\"nfsd\\\", pid 2761, jiffies 4295044005 (age 5541.239s)\\n  hex dump (first 32 bytes):\\n    01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 30 4d 9f 49 81 88 ff ff  ........0M.I....\\n    30 4d 9f 49 81 88 ff ff 20 00 00 00 01 00 00 00  0M.I.... .......\\n  backtrace:\\n    kmem_cache_alloc+0x4b9/0x700\\n    nfs4_alloc_stid+0x29/0x210\\n    alloc_init_deleg+0x92/0x2e0\\n    nfs4_set_delegation+0x284/0xc00\\n    nfs4_open_delegation+0x216/0x3f0\\n    nfsd4_process_open2+0x2b3/0xee0\\n    nfsd4_open+0x770/0x9d0\\n    nfsd4_proc_compound+0x7a2/0xe30\\n    nfsd_dispatch+0x241/0x3e0\\n    svc_process_common+0x5d3/0xcc0\\n    svc_process+0x2a3/0x320\\n    nfsd+0x180/0x2e0\\n    kthread+0x199/0x1d0\\n    ret_from_fork+0x30/0x50\\n    ret_from_fork_asm+0x1b/0x30\\nFix it by checking the result of nfsd4_run_cb and call nfs4_put_stid if\\nfail to queue dl_recall.\"}], \"cpeApplicability\": [{\"nodes\": [{\"negate\": false, \"cpeMatch\": [{\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"5.10.236\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"2.6.35\"}, {\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"5.15.180\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"2.6.35\"}, {\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"6.1.134\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"2.6.35\"}, {\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"6.6.87\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"2.6.35\"}, {\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"6.12.23\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"2.6.35\"}, {\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"6.13.11\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"2.6.35\"}, {\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"6.14.2\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"2.6.35\"}, {\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"6.15\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"2.6.35\"}], \"operator\": \"OR\"}]}], \"providerMetadata\": {\"orgId\": \"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\", \"shortName\": \"Linux\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2026-08-05T11:56:05.741Z\"}}}",
      "cveMetadata": "{\"cveId\": \"CVE-2025-22025\", \"state\": \"PUBLISHED\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2026-10-15T21:51:56.827Z\", \"dateReserved\": \"2024-12-29T08:45:45.807Z\", \"assignerOrgId\": \"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\", \"datePublished\": \"2025-04-16T14:11:46.624Z\", \"assignerShortName\": \"Linux\"}",
      "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
      "dataVersion": "5.2"
    }
  }
}


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