CWE-749
AllowedExposed Dangerous Method or Function
Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete
The product provides an Applications Programming Interface (API) or similar interface for interaction with external actors, but the interface includes a dangerous method or function that is not properly restricted.
206 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2019-5015 (GCVE-0-2019-5015)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2019-03-08 20:00 – Updated: 2024-09-16 19:04- CWE-749 - Exposed Dangerous Method or Function
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/107436 | vdb-entryx_refsource_BID |
| https://talosintelligence.com/vulnerability_repor… | x_refsource_MISC |
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Talos | Pixar Renderman |
Affected:
Renderman 22.3.0 for Mac OS X
|
{
"containers": {
"adp": [
{
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2024-08-04T19:40:49.177Z",
"orgId": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
"shortName": "CVE"
},
"references": [
{
"name": "107436",
"tags": [
"vdb-entry",
"x_refsource_BID",
"x_transferred"
],
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/107436"
},
{
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC",
"x_transferred"
],
"url": "https://talosintelligence.com/vulnerability_reports/TALOS-2019-0773"
}
],
"title": "CVE Program Container"
}
],
"cna": {
"affected": [
{
"product": "Pixar Renderman",
"vendor": "Talos",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "Renderman 22.3.0 for Mac OS X"
}
]
}
],
"datePublic": "2019-03-06T00:00:00.000Z",
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "A local privilege escalation vulnerability exists in the Mac OS X version of Pixar Renderman 22.3.0\u0027s Install Helper helper tool. A user with local access can use this vulnerability to escalate their privileges to root. An attacker would need local access to the machine for a successful exploit."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV3_0": {
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackVector": "LOCAL",
"availabilityImpact": "NONE",
"baseScore": 9,
"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL",
"confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
"integrityImpact": "HIGH",
"privilegesRequired": "NONE",
"scope": "CHANGED",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"version": "3.0"
}
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-749",
"description": "CWE-749: Exposed Dangerous Method or Function",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2022-04-19T17:32:47.000Z",
"orgId": "b86d76f8-0f8a-4a96-a78d-d8abfc7fc29b",
"shortName": "talos"
},
"references": [
{
"name": "107436",
"tags": [
"vdb-entry",
"x_refsource_BID"
],
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/107436"
},
{
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://talosintelligence.com/vulnerability_reports/TALOS-2019-0773"
}
],
"x_legacyV4Record": {
"CVE_data_meta": {
"ASSIGNER": "talos-cna@cisco.com",
"DATE_PUBLIC": "2019-03-06T00:00:00",
"ID": "CVE-2019-5015",
"STATE": "PUBLIC"
},
"affects": {
"vendor": {
"vendor_data": [
{
"product": {
"product_data": [
{
"product_name": "Pixar Renderman",
"version": {
"version_data": [
{
"version_value": "Renderman 22.3.0 for Mac OS X"
}
]
}
}
]
},
"vendor_name": "Talos"
}
]
}
},
"data_format": "MITRE",
"data_type": "CVE",
"data_version": "4.0",
"description": {
"description_data": [
{
"lang": "eng",
"value": "A local privilege escalation vulnerability exists in the Mac OS X version of Pixar Renderman 22.3.0\u0027s Install Helper helper tool. A user with local access can use this vulnerability to escalate their privileges to root. An attacker would need local access to the machine for a successful exploit."
}
]
},
"impact": {
"cvss": {
"baseScore": 9,
"baseSeverity": "Critical",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"version": "3.0"
}
},
"problemtype": {
"problemtype_data": [
{
"description": [
{
"lang": "eng",
"value": "CWE-749: Exposed Dangerous Method or Function"
}
]
}
]
},
"references": {
"reference_data": [
{
"name": "107436",
"refsource": "BID",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/107436"
},
{
"name": "https://talosintelligence.com/vulnerability_reports/TALOS-2019-0773",
"refsource": "MISC",
"url": "https://talosintelligence.com/vulnerability_reports/TALOS-2019-0773"
}
]
}
}
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "b86d76f8-0f8a-4a96-a78d-d8abfc7fc29b",
"assignerShortName": "talos",
"cveId": "CVE-2019-5015",
"datePublished": "2019-03-08T20:00:00.000Z",
"dateReserved": "2019-01-04T00:00:00.000Z",
"dateUpdated": "2024-09-16T19:04:24.135Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.1"
}
CVE-2018-10931 (GCVE-0-2018-10931)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2018-08-09 20:00 – Updated: 2024-08-05 07:54| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=CVE-2… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2018:2372 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/pac… | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_FEDORA |
| https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/pac… | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_FEDORA |
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| The Cobbler Project | cobbler |
Affected:
2.6.x
|
{
"containers": {
"adp": [
{
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2024-08-05T07:54:35.798Z",
"orgId": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
"shortName": "CVE"
},
"references": [
{
"tags": [
"x_refsource_CONFIRM",
"x_transferred"
],
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=CVE-2018-10931"
},
{
"name": "RHSA-2018:2372",
"tags": [
"vendor-advisory",
"x_refsource_REDHAT",
"x_transferred"
],
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2018:2372"
},
{
"name": "FEDORA-2019-3cacfb34ad",
"tags": [
"vendor-advisory",
"x_refsource_FEDORA",
"x_transferred"
],
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/CMWK5KCCZXOGOYNR2H6BWDSABTQ5NYJA/"
},
{
"name": "FEDORA-2019-cd24f60a94",
"tags": [
"vendor-advisory",
"x_refsource_FEDORA",
"x_transferred"
],
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/5P5Q4ACIVZ5D4KSUDLGRTOKGGB4U42SD/"
}
],
"title": "CVE Program Container"
}
],
"cna": {
"affected": [
{
"product": "cobbler",
"vendor": "The Cobbler Project",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "2.6.x"
}
]
}
],
"datePublic": "2018-08-09T00:00:00.000Z",
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "It was found that cobbler 2.6.x exposed all functions from its CobblerXMLRPCInterface class over XMLRPC. A remote, unauthenticated attacker could use this flaw to gain high privileges within cobbler, upload files to arbitrary location in the context of the daemon."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV3_0": {
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackVector": "NETWORK",
"availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
"baseScore": 9.8,
"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL",
"confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
"integrityImpact": "HIGH",
"privilegesRequired": "NONE",
"scope": "UNCHANGED",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"version": "3.0"
}
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-749",
"description": "CWE-749",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2019-09-11T22:06:10.000Z",
"orgId": "53f830b8-0a3f-465b-8143-3b8a9948e749",
"shortName": "redhat"
},
"references": [
{
"tags": [
"x_refsource_CONFIRM"
],
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=CVE-2018-10931"
},
{
"name": "RHSA-2018:2372",
"tags": [
"vendor-advisory",
"x_refsource_REDHAT"
],
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2018:2372"
},
{
"name": "FEDORA-2019-3cacfb34ad",
"tags": [
"vendor-advisory",
"x_refsource_FEDORA"
],
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/CMWK5KCCZXOGOYNR2H6BWDSABTQ5NYJA/"
},
{
"name": "FEDORA-2019-cd24f60a94",
"tags": [
"vendor-advisory",
"x_refsource_FEDORA"
],
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/5P5Q4ACIVZ5D4KSUDLGRTOKGGB4U42SD/"
}
]
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "53f830b8-0a3f-465b-8143-3b8a9948e749",
"assignerShortName": "redhat",
"cveId": "CVE-2018-10931",
"datePublished": "2018-08-09T20:00:00.000Z",
"dateReserved": "2018-05-09T00:00:00.000Z",
"dateUpdated": "2024-08-05T07:54:35.798Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.1"
}
CVE-2018-8868 (GCVE-0-2018-8868)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2018-07-02 18:00 – Updated: 2025-05-22 18:14| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Medtronic | 24950 MyCareLink Monitor |
Affected:
All versions
|
|
| Medtronic | 24952 MyCareLink Monitor |
Affected:
All versions
|
{
"containers": {
"adp": [
{
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2024-08-05T07:10:46.236Z",
"orgId": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
"shortName": "CVE"
},
"references": [
{
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC",
"x_transferred"
],
"url": "https://ics-cert.us-cert.gov/advisories/ICSMA-18-179-01"
}
],
"title": "CVE Program Container"
}
],
"cna": {
"affected": [
{
"defaultStatus": "unaffected",
"product": "24950 MyCareLink Monitor",
"vendor": "Medtronic",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "All versions"
}
]
},
{
"defaultStatus": "unaffected",
"product": "24952 MyCareLink Monitor",
"vendor": "Medtronic",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "All versions"
}
]
}
],
"credits": [
{
"lang": "en",
"type": "finder",
"value": "Peter Morgan of Clever Security reported this vulnerability"
}
],
"datePublic": "2018-06-29T06:00:00.000Z",
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"supportingMedia": [
{
"base64": false,
"type": "text/html",
"value": "\u003cp\u003e\nMedtronic 24950 MyCareLink Monitor and 24952 MyCareLink Monitor contains debug code meant to test the functionality of the monitor\u0027s communication interfaces, including the interface between the monitor and implantable cardiac device. An attacker with physical access to the device can exploit other vulnerabilities to access this debug functionality. This debug functionality provides the ability to read and write arbitrary memory values to implantable cardiac devices via inductive or short range wireless protocols. An attacker with close physical proximity to a target implantable cardiac device can use this debug functionality.\n\n\u003c/p\u003e"
}
],
"value": "Medtronic 24950 MyCareLink Monitor and 24952 MyCareLink Monitor contains debug code meant to test the functionality of the monitor\u0027s communication interfaces, including the interface between the monitor and implantable cardiac device. An attacker with physical access to the device can exploit other vulnerabilities to access this debug functionality. This debug functionality provides the ability to read and write arbitrary memory values to implantable cardiac devices via inductive or short range wireless protocols. An attacker with close physical proximity to a target implantable cardiac device can use this debug functionality."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"attackComplexity": "HIGH",
"attackVector": "PHYSICAL",
"availabilityImpact": "LOW",
"baseScore": 6.2,
"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
"confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
"integrityImpact": "LOW",
"privilegesRequired": "LOW",
"scope": "CHANGED",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:P/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:L/A:L",
"version": "3.1"
},
"format": "CVSS",
"scenarios": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "GENERAL"
}
]
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-749",
"description": "CWE-749",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2025-05-22T18:14:07.710Z",
"orgId": "7d14cffa-0d7d-4270-9dc0-52cabd5a23a6",
"shortName": "icscert"
},
"references": [
{
"url": "https://global.medtronic.com/xg-en/product-security/security-bulletins/mycarelink-6-28-18.html"
},
{
"url": "https://ics-cert.us-cert.gov/advisories/ICSMA-18-179-01"
}
],
"solutions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"supportingMedia": [
{
"base64": false,
"type": "text/html",
"value": "\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"\u003eMedtronic will release several rolling over-the-air product updates that will mitigate the vulnerabilities described within this advisory. These updates will be applied to devices automatically as part of standard, reoccurring update processes. In addition, Medtronic has increased security monitoring of affected devices and related infrastructure. \u003c/span\u003e\n\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eMedtronic has released additional patient focused information, at the following location:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.medtronic.com/security\"\u003ehttps://www.medtronic.com/security\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cbr\u003e"
}
],
"value": "Medtronic will release several rolling over-the-air product updates that will mitigate the vulnerabilities described within this advisory. These updates will be applied to devices automatically as part of standard, reoccurring update processes. In addition, Medtronic has increased security monitoring of affected devices and related infrastructure. \n\n\n\n\n\nMedtronic has released additional patient focused information, at the following location:\n\n https://www.medtronic.com/security"
}
],
"source": {
"advisory": "ICSMA-18-179-01",
"discovery": "EXTERNAL"
},
"title": "Medtronic MyCareLink Patient Monitor Exposed Dangerous Method or Function",
"workarounds": [
{
"lang": "en",
"supportingMedia": [
{
"base64": false,
"type": "text/html",
"value": "\u003cp\u003eMedtronic recommends users take additional defensive measures to minimize the risk of exploitation of these vulnerabilities. Specifically, users should:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eMaintain good physical controls over the home monitor as the best mitigation to these vulnerabilities. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eOnly use home monitors obtained directly from their healthcare provider or a Medtronic representative to ensure integrity of the system. \u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eReport any concerning behavior regarding their home monitor to their healthcare provider or a Medtronic representative. \u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedtronic has released additional patient focused information, at the following location:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://www.medtronic.com/security\"\u003ehttps://www.medtronic.com/security\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cbr\u003e"
}
],
"value": "Medtronic recommends users take additional defensive measures to minimize the risk of exploitation of these vulnerabilities. Specifically, users should:\n\n * Maintain good physical controls over the home monitor as the best mitigation to these vulnerabilities. \u00a0\n * Only use home monitors obtained directly from their healthcare provider or a Medtronic representative to ensure integrity of the system. \n * Report any concerning behavior regarding their home monitor to their healthcare provider or a Medtronic representative. \n\n\nMedtronic has released additional patient focused information, at the following location:\n\n https://www.medtronic.com/security"
}
],
"x_generator": {
"engine": "Vulnogram 0.2.0"
},
"x_legacyV4Record": {
"CVE_data_meta": {
"ASSIGNER": "ics-cert@hq.dhs.gov",
"DATE_PUBLIC": "2018-06-29T00:00:00",
"ID": "CVE-2018-8870",
"STATE": "PUBLIC"
},
"affects": {
"vendor": {
"vendor_data": [
{
"product": {
"product_data": [
{
"product_name": "Medtronic MyCareLink Patient Monitor",
"version": {
"version_data": [
{
"version_value": "24950 MyCareLink Monitor, all versions, 24952 MyCareLink Monitor, all versions."
}
]
}
}
]
},
"vendor_name": "ICS-CERT"
}
]
}
},
"data_format": "MITRE",
"data_type": "CVE",
"data_version": "4.0",
"description": {
"description_data": [
{
"lang": "eng",
"value": "Medtronic MyCareLink Patient Monitor, 24950 MyCareLink Monitor, all versions, and 24952 MyCareLink Monitor, all versions contains a hard-coded operating system password. An attacker with physical access can remove the case of the device, connect to the debug port, and use the password to gain privileged access to the operating system."
}
]
},
"problemtype": {
"problemtype_data": [
{
"description": [
{
"lang": "eng",
"value": "USE OF HARD-CODED PASSWORD CWE-259"
}
]
}
]
},
"references": {
"reference_data": [
{
"name": "https://ics-cert.us-cert.gov/advisories/ICSMA-18-179-01",
"refsource": "MISC",
"url": "https://ics-cert.us-cert.gov/advisories/ICSMA-18-179-01"
}
]
}
}
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "7d14cffa-0d7d-4270-9dc0-52cabd5a23a6",
"assignerShortName": "icscert",
"cveId": "CVE-2018-8868",
"datePublished": "2018-07-02T18:00:00.000Z",
"dateReserved": "2018-03-20T00:00:00.000Z",
"dateUpdated": "2025-05-22T18:14:07.710Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.1"
}
CVE-2016-9469 (GCVE-0-2016-9469)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2017-03-28 02:46 – Updated: 2024-08-06 02:50- CWE-749 - Exposed Dangerous Method or Function (CWE-749)
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/commit/f3… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/commit/55… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://about.gitlab.com/2016/12/05/cve-2016-9469/ | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://hackerone.com/reports/186194 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/issues/25064 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/commit/29… | x_refsource_MISC |
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n/a | GitLab Community Edition & GitLab Enterprise Edition 8.13.0, 8.13.0-ee, 8.13.1, 8.13.1-ee, 8.13.2, 8.13.2-ee, 8.13.3, 8.13.3-ee, 8.13.4, 8.13.4-ee, 8.13.5, 8.13.5-ee, 8.13.6, 8.13.6-ee, 8.13.7, 8.14.0, 8.14.0-ee, 8.14.1 |
Affected:
GitLab Community Edition & GitLab Enterprise Edition 8.13.0, 8.13.0-ee, 8.13.1, 8.13.1-ee, 8.13.2, 8.13.2-ee, 8.13.3, 8.13.3-ee, 8.13.4, 8.13.4-ee, 8.13.5, 8.13.5-ee, 8.13.6, 8.13.6-ee, 8.13.7, 8.14.0, 8.14.0-ee, 8.14.1
|
{
"containers": {
"adp": [
{
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2024-08-06T02:50:38.683Z",
"orgId": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
"shortName": "CVE"
},
"references": [
{
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC",
"x_transferred"
],
"url": "https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/commit/f325e4e734e5e486f3b02db176eb629124052b43"
},
{
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC",
"x_transferred"
],
"url": "https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/commit/55196497301eea429913f9c4b1b37c42c2e358ce"
},
{
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC",
"x_transferred"
],
"url": "https://about.gitlab.com/2016/12/05/cve-2016-9469/"
},
{
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC",
"x_transferred"
],
"url": "https://hackerone.com/reports/186194"
},
{
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC",
"x_transferred"
],
"url": "https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/issues/25064"
},
{
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC",
"x_transferred"
],
"url": "https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/commit/29ceb98b5162677601702704e89d845580372078"
}
],
"title": "CVE Program Container"
}
],
"cna": {
"affected": [
{
"product": "GitLab Community Edition \u0026 GitLab Enterprise Edition 8.13.0, 8.13.0-ee, 8.13.1, 8.13.1-ee, 8.13.2, 8.13.2-ee, 8.13.3, 8.13.3-ee, 8.13.4, 8.13.4-ee, 8.13.5, 8.13.5-ee, 8.13.6, 8.13.6-ee, 8.13.7, 8.14.0, 8.14.0-ee, 8.14.1",
"vendor": "n/a",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "GitLab Community Edition \u0026 GitLab Enterprise Edition 8.13.0, 8.13.0-ee, 8.13.1, 8.13.1-ee, 8.13.2, 8.13.2-ee, 8.13.3, 8.13.3-ee, 8.13.4, 8.13.4-ee, 8.13.5, 8.13.5-ee, 8.13.6, 8.13.6-ee, 8.13.7, 8.14.0, 8.14.0-ee, 8.14.1"
}
]
}
],
"datePublic": "2017-03-27T00:00:00.000Z",
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "Multiple versions of GitLab expose a dangerous method to any authenticated user that could lead to the deletion of all Issue and MergeRequest objects on a GitLab instance. For GitLab instances with publicly available projects this vulnerability could be exploited by an unauthenticated user. A fix was included in versions 8.14.3, 8.13.8, and 8.12.11, which were released on December 5th 2016 at 3:59 PST. The GitLab versions vulnerable to this are 8.13.0, 8.13.0-ee, 8.13.1, 8.13.1-ee, 8.13.2, 8.13.2-ee, 8.13.3, 8.13.3-ee, 8.13.4, 8.13.4-ee, 8.13.5, 8.13.5-ee, 8.13.6, 8.13.6-ee, 8.13.7, 8.14.0, 8.14.0-ee, 8.14.1, 8.14.2, and 8.14.2-ee."
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-749",
"description": "Exposed Dangerous Method or Function (CWE-749)",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2017-03-28T02:57:01.000Z",
"orgId": "36234546-b8fa-4601-9d6f-f4e334aa8ea1",
"shortName": "hackerone"
},
"references": [
{
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/commit/f325e4e734e5e486f3b02db176eb629124052b43"
},
{
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/commit/55196497301eea429913f9c4b1b37c42c2e358ce"
},
{
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://about.gitlab.com/2016/12/05/cve-2016-9469/"
},
{
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://hackerone.com/reports/186194"
},
{
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/issues/25064"
},
{
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/commit/29ceb98b5162677601702704e89d845580372078"
}
],
"x_legacyV4Record": {
"CVE_data_meta": {
"ASSIGNER": "support@hackerone.com",
"ID": "CVE-2016-9469",
"STATE": "PUBLIC"
},
"affects": {
"vendor": {
"vendor_data": [
{
"product": {
"product_data": [
{
"product_name": "GitLab Community Edition \u0026 GitLab Enterprise Edition 8.13.0, 8.13.0-ee, 8.13.1, 8.13.1-ee, 8.13.2, 8.13.2-ee, 8.13.3, 8.13.3-ee, 8.13.4, 8.13.4-ee, 8.13.5, 8.13.5-ee, 8.13.6, 8.13.6-ee, 8.13.7, 8.14.0, 8.14.0-ee, 8.14.1",
"version": {
"version_data": [
{
"version_value": "GitLab Community Edition \u0026 GitLab Enterprise Edition 8.13.0, 8.13.0-ee, 8.13.1, 8.13.1-ee, 8.13.2, 8.13.2-ee, 8.13.3, 8.13.3-ee, 8.13.4, 8.13.4-ee, 8.13.5, 8.13.5-ee, 8.13.6, 8.13.6-ee, 8.13.7, 8.14.0, 8.14.0-ee, 8.14.1"
}
]
}
}
]
},
"vendor_name": "n/a"
}
]
}
},
"data_format": "MITRE",
"data_type": "CVE",
"data_version": "4.0",
"description": {
"description_data": [
{
"lang": "eng",
"value": "Multiple versions of GitLab expose a dangerous method to any authenticated user that could lead to the deletion of all Issue and MergeRequest objects on a GitLab instance. For GitLab instances with publicly available projects this vulnerability could be exploited by an unauthenticated user. A fix was included in versions 8.14.3, 8.13.8, and 8.12.11, which were released on December 5th 2016 at 3:59 PST. The GitLab versions vulnerable to this are 8.13.0, 8.13.0-ee, 8.13.1, 8.13.1-ee, 8.13.2, 8.13.2-ee, 8.13.3, 8.13.3-ee, 8.13.4, 8.13.4-ee, 8.13.5, 8.13.5-ee, 8.13.6, 8.13.6-ee, 8.13.7, 8.14.0, 8.14.0-ee, 8.14.1, 8.14.2, and 8.14.2-ee."
}
]
},
"problemtype": {
"problemtype_data": [
{
"description": [
{
"lang": "eng",
"value": "Exposed Dangerous Method or Function (CWE-749)"
}
]
}
]
},
"references": {
"reference_data": [
{
"name": "https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/commit/f325e4e734e5e486f3b02db176eb629124052b43",
"refsource": "MISC",
"url": "https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/commit/f325e4e734e5e486f3b02db176eb629124052b43"
},
{
"name": "https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/commit/55196497301eea429913f9c4b1b37c42c2e358ce",
"refsource": "MISC",
"url": "https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/commit/55196497301eea429913f9c4b1b37c42c2e358ce"
},
{
"name": "https://about.gitlab.com/2016/12/05/cve-2016-9469/",
"refsource": "MISC",
"url": "https://about.gitlab.com/2016/12/05/cve-2016-9469/"
},
{
"name": "https://hackerone.com/reports/186194",
"refsource": "MISC",
"url": "https://hackerone.com/reports/186194"
},
{
"name": "https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/issues/25064",
"refsource": "MISC",
"url": "https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/issues/25064"
},
{
"name": "https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/commit/29ceb98b5162677601702704e89d845580372078",
"refsource": "MISC",
"url": "https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/commit/29ceb98b5162677601702704e89d845580372078"
}
]
}
}
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "36234546-b8fa-4601-9d6f-f4e334aa8ea1",
"assignerShortName": "hackerone",
"cveId": "CVE-2016-9469",
"datePublished": "2017-03-28T02:46:00.000Z",
"dateReserved": "2016-11-19T00:00:00.000Z",
"dateUpdated": "2024-08-06T02:50:38.683Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.1"
}
CVE-2014-5415 (GCVE-0-2014-5415)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2016-10-05 10:00 – Updated: 2025-11-04 23:12| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Beckhoff | Embedded PC Images |
Affected:
0 , < October 22, 2014
(custom)
|
|
| Beckhoff | TwinCAT Components featuring Automation Device Specification (ADS) communication |
Affected:
All
|
{
"containers": {
"adp": [
{
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2024-08-06T11:41:49.234Z",
"orgId": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
"shortName": "CVE"
},
"references": [
{
"name": "93349",
"tags": [
"vdb-entry",
"x_refsource_BID",
"x_transferred"
],
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/93349"
},
{
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC",
"x_transferred"
],
"url": "https://ics-cert.us-cert.gov/advisories/ICSA-16-278-02"
}
],
"title": "CVE Program Container"
}
],
"cna": {
"affected": [
{
"defaultStatus": "unaffected",
"product": "Embedded PC Images",
"vendor": "Beckhoff",
"versions": [
{
"lessThan": "October 22, 2014",
"status": "affected",
"version": "0",
"versionType": "custom"
}
]
},
{
"defaultStatus": "unaffected",
"product": "TwinCAT Components featuring Automation Device Specification (ADS) communication",
"vendor": "Beckhoff",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "All"
}
]
}
],
"credits": [
{
"lang": "en",
"type": "finder",
"value": "Gregor Bonney from FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences"
}
],
"datePublic": "2016-10-04T06:00:00.000Z",
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"supportingMedia": [
{
"base64": false,
"type": "text/html",
"value": "\u003cp\u003e\nBeckhoff Embedded PC images before 2014-10-22 and Automation Device Specification (ADS) TwinCAT components might allow remote attackers to obtain access via the (1) Windows CE Remote Configuration Tool, (2) CE Remote Display service, or (3) TELNET service.\n\n\u003c/p\u003e"
}
],
"value": "Beckhoff Embedded PC images before 2014-10-22 and Automation Device Specification (ADS) TwinCAT components might allow remote attackers to obtain access via the (1) Windows CE Remote Configuration Tool, (2) CE Remote Display service, or (3) TELNET service."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackVector": "NETWORK",
"availabilityImpact": "NONE",
"baseScore": 9.1,
"baseSeverity": "CRITICAL",
"confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
"integrityImpact": "HIGH",
"privilegesRequired": "NONE",
"scope": "UNCHANGED",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"version": "3.1"
},
"format": "CVSS",
"scenarios": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "GENERAL"
}
]
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-749",
"description": "CWE-749",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2025-11-04T23:12:23.266Z",
"orgId": "7d14cffa-0d7d-4270-9dc0-52cabd5a23a6",
"shortName": "icscert"
},
"references": [
{
"name": "93349",
"tags": [
"vdb-entry",
"x_refsource_BID"
],
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/93349"
},
{
"url": "https://download.beckhoff.com/download/document/product-security/Advisories/advisory-2014-001.pdf"
},
{
"url": "https://download.beckhoff.com/download/document/product-security/Advisories/advisory-2014-002.pdf"
},
{
"url": "https://download.beckhoff.com/download/document/product-security/Advisories/advisory-2014-003.pdf"
},
{
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-16-278-02"
},
{
"url": "https://github.com/cisagov/CSAF/blob/develop/csaf_files/OT/white/2016/icsa-16-278-02.json"
}
],
"solutions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"supportingMedia": [
{
"base64": false,
"type": "text/html",
"value": "\u003cp\u003eBeckhoff recommends in their IPC Security Manual \n(\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://download.beckhoff.com/download/Document/ipc/industrial-pc/ipc_security_en.pdf\"\u003ehttps://download.beckhoff.com/download/Document/ipc/industrial-pc/ipc_security_en.pdf\u003c/a\u003e)\n to use network and software firewalls to block all network ports except\n the ones that are needed. Beckhoff also recommends that default \npasswords be changed during commissioning before connecting systems to \nthe network.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn their advisories (Advisory 2014-001: Potential \nmisuse of several administrative services, \n\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://download.beckhoff.com/download/document/product-security/Advisories/advisory-2014-001.pdf\"\u003ehttps://download.beckhoff.com/download/document/product-security/Advisories/advisory-2014-001.pdf\u003c/a\u003e. Advisory 2014-002: ADS communication port allows password bruteforce, \n\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://download.beckhoff.com/download/document/product-security/Advisories/advisory-2014-002.pdf\"\u003ehttps://download.beckhoff.com/download/document/product-security/Advisories/advisory-2014-002.pdf\u003c/a\u003e. Advisory2014-003: Recommendation to change default passwords, \n\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https://download.beckhoff.com/download/document/product-security/Advisories/advisory-2014-003.pdf\"\u003ehttps://download.beckhoff.com/download/document/product-security/Advisories/advisory-2014-003.pdf\u003c/a\u003e\u0026nbsp;which were published November \n17, 2014) for these issues, Beckhoff also recommends the following \nmitigation solutions:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUpdate images to build October 22, 2014, or newer, which solve these problems by disabling the services by default.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDisable the Windows CE Remote Configuration Tool by deleting the \nsubtree \u201c/remoteadmin.\u201d The configuration of the web server paths can be\n found in the Windows registry at the path \n\u201cHKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\COMM\\HTTPD\\VROOTS\\.\u201d\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDisable startup of CE Remote Display service (cerdisp.exe) with \ndeleting the registry key containing the \u201cCeRDisp.exe\u201d \n[-HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\init\\Launch90].\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDisable telnet by setting the registry key [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Services\\TELNETD\\Flags] to dword: 4\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRestrict ADS communication to trusted networks only.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\n\u003cbr\u003e"
}
],
"value": "Beckhoff recommends in their IPC Security Manual \n( https://download.beckhoff.com/download/Document/ipc/industrial-pc/ipc_security_en.pdf )\n to use network and software firewalls to block all network ports except\n the ones that are needed. Beckhoff also recommends that default \npasswords be changed during commissioning before connecting systems to \nthe network.\n\n\nIn their advisories (Advisory 2014-001: Potential \nmisuse of several administrative services, \n https://download.beckhoff.com/download/document/product-security/Advisories/advisory-2014-001.pdf . Advisory 2014-002: ADS communication port allows password bruteforce, \n https://download.beckhoff.com/download/document/product-security/Advisories/advisory-2014-002.pdf . Advisory2014-003: Recommendation to change default passwords, \n https://download.beckhoff.com/download/document/product-security/Advisories/advisory-2014-003.pdf \u00a0which were published November \n17, 2014) for these issues, Beckhoff also recommends the following \nmitigation solutions:\n\n\n\n * Update images to build October 22, 2014, or newer, which solve these problems by disabling the services by default.\n\n * Disable the Windows CE Remote Configuration Tool by deleting the \nsubtree \u201c/remoteadmin.\u201d The configuration of the web server paths can be\n found in the Windows registry at the path \n\u201cHKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\COMM\\HTTPD\\VROOTS\\.\u201d\n\n * Disable startup of CE Remote Display service (cerdisp.exe) with \ndeleting the registry key containing the \u201cCeRDisp.exe\u201d \n[-HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\init\\Launch90].\n\n * Disable telnet by setting the registry key [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Services\\TELNETD\\Flags] to dword: 4\n\n * Restrict ADS communication to trusted networks only."
}
],
"source": {
"advisory": "ICSA-16-278-02",
"discovery": "EXTERNAL"
},
"title": "Beckhoff Embedded PC Images and TwinCAT Components Exposed Dangerous Method or Function",
"x_generator": {
"engine": "Vulnogram 0.5.0"
},
"x_legacyV4Record": {
"CVE_data_meta": {
"ASSIGNER": "ics-cert@hq.dhs.gov",
"ID": "CVE-2014-5414",
"STATE": "PUBLIC"
},
"affects": {
"vendor": {
"vendor_data": [
{
"product": {
"product_data": [
{
"product_name": "n/a",
"version": {
"version_data": [
{
"version_value": "n/a"
}
]
}
}
]
},
"vendor_name": "n/a"
}
]
}
},
"data_format": "MITRE",
"data_type": "CVE",
"data_version": "4.0",
"description": {
"description_data": [
{
"lang": "eng",
"value": "Beckhoff Embedded PC images before 2014-10-22 and Automation Device Specification (ADS) TwinCAT components do not restrict the number of authentication attempts, which makes it easier for remote attackers to obtain access via a brute-force attack."
}
]
},
"problemtype": {
"problemtype_data": [
{
"description": [
{
"lang": "eng",
"value": "n/a"
}
]
}
]
},
"references": {
"reference_data": [
{
"name": "93349",
"refsource": "BID",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/93349"
},
{
"name": "https://ics-cert.us-cert.gov/advisories/ICSA-16-278-02",
"refsource": "MISC",
"url": "https://ics-cert.us-cert.gov/advisories/ICSA-16-278-02"
}
]
}
}
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "7d14cffa-0d7d-4270-9dc0-52cabd5a23a6",
"assignerShortName": "icscert",
"cveId": "CVE-2014-5415",
"datePublished": "2016-10-05T10:00:00.000Z",
"dateReserved": "2014-08-22T00:00:00.000Z",
"dateUpdated": "2025-11-04T23:12:23.266Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
}
CVE-2014-0758 (GCVE-0-2014-0758)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2014-02-24 02:00 – Updated: 2025-08-22 23:00| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/i… | |
| http://ics-cert.us-cert.gov/advisories/ICSA-14-051-01 | x_refsource_MISCx_transferred |
{
"containers": {
"adp": [
{
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2024-08-06T09:27:19.520Z",
"orgId": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
"shortName": "CVE"
},
"references": [
{
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC",
"x_transferred"
],
"url": "http://ics-cert.us-cert.gov/advisories/ICSA-14-051-01"
}
],
"title": "CVE Program Container"
}
],
"cna": {
"affected": [
{
"defaultStatus": "unaffected",
"product": "GENESIS32",
"vendor": "ICONICS",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "8.0"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "8.02"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "8.04"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "8.05"
}
]
}
],
"datePublic": "2014-02-20T07:00:00.000Z",
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"supportingMedia": [
{
"base64": false,
"type": "text/html",
"value": "\u003cp\u003eAn ActiveX control in GenLaunch.htm in ICONICS GENESIS32 8.0, 8.02, 8.04, and 8.05 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary programs via a crafted HTML document.\u003c/p\u003e"
}
],
"value": "An ActiveX control in GenLaunch.htm in ICONICS GENESIS32 8.0, 8.02, 8.04, and 8.05 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary programs via a crafted HTML document."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV2_0": {
"accessComplexity": "MEDIUM",
"accessVector": "NETWORK",
"authentication": "NONE",
"availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE",
"baseScore": 9.3,
"confidentialityImpact": "COMPLETE",
"integrityImpact": "COMPLETE",
"vectorString": "AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C",
"version": "2.0"
},
"format": "CVSS",
"scenarios": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "GENERAL"
}
]
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-749",
"description": "CWE-749",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2025-08-22T23:00:45.832Z",
"orgId": "7d14cffa-0d7d-4270-9dc0-52cabd5a23a6",
"shortName": "icscert"
},
"references": [
{
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-14-051-01"
}
],
"source": {
"advisory": "ICSA-14-051-01",
"discovery": "UNKNOWN"
},
"title": "ICONICS GENESIS32 Exposed Dangerous Method or Function",
"workarounds": [
{
"lang": "en",
"supportingMedia": [
{
"base64": false,
"type": "text/html",
"value": "ICONICS provides information and useful links related to its security patches at its web site at \u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http://www.iconics.com/certs\"\u003ehttp://www.iconics.com/certs\u003c/a\u003e\u0026nbsp;.\u003cp\u003eICONICS also recommends users of GENESIS32 V8 systems take the following mitigation steps:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUse a firewall, place control system networks and devices behind firewalls and isolate them from the business network.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDo not click web links or open unsolicited attachments in e-mail messages.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInstall the patch.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe ICONICS web site also provides a downloadable whitepaper on\u0026nbsp; security vulnerabilities (registration required for download). The whitepaper on security vulnerabilities contains overview, details and \nmitigation plan for regarding buffer overflow and memory corruption \nvulnerabilities for ICONICS GENESIS32 and GENESIS64 supervisory control \nand data acquisition (SCADA) products.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cbr\u003e"
}
],
"value": "ICONICS provides information and useful links related to its security patches at its web site at http://www.iconics.com/certs \u00a0.ICONICS also recommends users of GENESIS32 V8 systems take the following mitigation steps:\n\n\n\n * Use a firewall, place control system networks and devices behind firewalls and isolate them from the business network.\n\n * Do not click web links or open unsolicited attachments in e-mail messages.\n\n * Install the patch.\n\n\n\n\nThe ICONICS web site also provides a downloadable whitepaper on\u00a0 security vulnerabilities (registration required for download). The whitepaper on security vulnerabilities contains overview, details and \nmitigation plan for regarding buffer overflow and memory corruption \nvulnerabilities for ICONICS GENESIS32 and GENESIS64 supervisory control \nand data acquisition (SCADA) products."
}
],
"x_generator": {
"engine": "Vulnogram 0.2.0"
},
"x_legacyV4Record": {
"CVE_data_meta": {
"ASSIGNER": "ics-cert@hq.dhs.gov",
"ID": "CVE-2014-0758",
"STATE": "PUBLIC"
},
"affects": {
"vendor": {
"vendor_data": [
{
"product": {
"product_data": [
{
"product_name": "n/a",
"version": {
"version_data": [
{
"version_value": "n/a"
}
]
}
}
]
},
"vendor_name": "n/a"
}
]
}
},
"data_format": "MITRE",
"data_type": "CVE",
"data_version": "4.0",
"description": {
"description_data": [
{
"lang": "eng",
"value": "An ActiveX control in GenLaunch.htm in ICONICS GENESIS32 8.0, 8.02, 8.04, and 8.05 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary programs via a crafted HTML document."
}
]
},
"problemtype": {
"problemtype_data": [
{
"description": [
{
"lang": "eng",
"value": "n/a"
}
]
}
]
},
"references": {
"reference_data": [
{
"name": "http://ics-cert.us-cert.gov/advisories/ICSA-14-051-01",
"refsource": "MISC",
"url": "http://ics-cert.us-cert.gov/advisories/ICSA-14-051-01"
}
]
}
}
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "7d14cffa-0d7d-4270-9dc0-52cabd5a23a6",
"assignerShortName": "icscert",
"cveId": "CVE-2014-0758",
"datePublished": "2014-02-24T02:00:00.000Z",
"dateReserved": "2014-01-02T00:00:00.000Z",
"dateUpdated": "2025-08-22T23:00:45.832Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.1"
}
Mitigation
If you must expose a method, make sure to perform input validation on all arguments, limit access to authorized parties, and protect against all possible vulnerabilities.
Mitigation
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Identify all exposed functionality. Explicitly list all functionality that must be exposed to some user or set of users. Identify which functionality may be:
- Ensure that the implemented code follows these expectations. This includes setting the appropriate access modifiers where applicable (public, private, protected, etc.) or not marking ActiveX controls safe-for-scripting.
- accessible to all users
- restricted to a small set of privileged users
- prevented from being directly accessible at all
CAPEC-500: WebView Injection
An adversary, through a previously installed malicious application, injects code into the context of a web page displayed by a WebView component. Through the injected code, an adversary is able to manipulate the DOM tree and cookies of the page, expose sensitive information, and can launch attacks against the web application from within the web page.