Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
1033 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-115360 (GCVE-0-2026-115360)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-22 19:13 – Updated: 2026-10-23 21:07
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
OpenBao before 2.6.3 Open Redirect via OIDC Identity Provider UI
Summary
OpenBao before 2.6.3 contains an open redirect vulnerability in the UI's OIDC identity provider that affects users not authenticated to OpenBao. Attackers can craft OIDC links that redirect unauthenticated users to attacker-controlled destinations, enabling phishing or credential theft.
Severity
4.7 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-23 17:33 UTC
CWE
- CWE-601 - URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Assigner
VulnCheck
CNA
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/openbao/openbao/security/advis… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openbao-befo… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-09-23 00:00
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CVE-2026-115196 (GCVE-0-2026-115196)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-26 12:50 – Updated: 2026-10-26 15:35
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
An Open Redirect vulnerability exists in the public form submission endpoint (/form/submit) of Mautic. After a form is submitted, the application redirects the visitor to a return address supplied with the submission without verifying that it points to the Mautic instance or another trusted host. An unauthenticated attacker can exploit this to send visitors from a legitimate Mautic domain to an arbitrary external website, for example to phishing pages that imitate the original landing page or to sites that deliver malware. Any Mautic instance with a published form is affected. Exploitation requires the victim to submit a form prepared by the attacker.
Severity
5.4 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-26 14:59 UTC
CWE
- CWE-601 - URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Assigner
Mautic
CNA
References
1 reference
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-114614 (GCVE-0-2026-114614)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-22 21:00 – Updated: 2026-10-29 13:49
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Authlib: is_secure_transport() loopback exemption can be bypassed with a userinfo component, allowing cleartext-HTTP URLs to non-loopback hosts
Summary
Authlib is a Python library which builds OAuth and OpenID Connect servers. From 0.13 until 1.8.0, authlib.common.security.is_secure_transport() uses a textual prefix comparison for loopback HTTP exemptions, so a URL whose userinfo begins with a loopback host can be accepted even when its parsed host is an external non-loopback system. An external party able to supply a URL to OIDC RP-Initiated Logout registration, authorization-server metadata validation, or another call site can bypass the TLS-required guard and cause cleartext redirection or acceptance of cleartext endpoints. The issue does not bypass redirect URI exact matching and does not by itself forge tokens or authenticate users. The vulnerable authlib.common.security.is_secure_transport() implementation in authlib/common/security.py misinterprets the userinfo component before OIDC RP-Initiated Logout dynamic client registration and other consumers enforce transport security. This issue is fixed in version 1.8.0.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-29 13:49 UTC
CWE
Assigner
GitHub_M
CNA
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/authlib/authlib/security/advis… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/authlib/authlib/commit/95ad1f9… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/authlib/authlib/releases/tag/v1.8.0 | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-114060 (GCVE-0-2026-114060)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-21 00:36 – Updated: 2026-10-21 15:50
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
SvelteKit before 3.0.0 Open Redirect via Enhanced Form Actions
Summary
SvelteKit (@sveltejs/kit) before 3.0.0 contains an open redirect vulnerability in enhanced form actions (use:enhance) on routes accepting paths beginning with a double slash. Attackers can craft action paths starting with // that become protocol-relative URLs, causing non-redirect form results to navigate victims to attacker-controlled sites.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-21 14:24 UTC
CWE
- CWE-601 - URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Assigner
VulnCheck
CNA
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/sveltejs/kit/security/advisori… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/sveltekit-be… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-10-05 00:00
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CVE-2026-113384 (GCVE-0-2026-113384)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-20 11:00 – Updated: 2026-10-22 21:20
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Optimal IdM OptimalCloud social redirect
Summary
A flaw has been found in Optimal IdM OptimalCloud 5.0. This vulnerability affects unknown code of the file /v5.0/social. Executing a manipulation of the argument state can lead to open redirect. The attack can be executed remotely. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-22 21:20 UTC
CWE
- CWE-601 - Open Redirect
Assigner
VulDB
CNA
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/422657 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/422657/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-113384 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/991714 | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Optimal IdM | OptimalCloud |
Affected:
5.0
cpe:2.3:a:optimal_idm:optimalcloud:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-112251 (GCVE-0-2026-112251)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-19 18:30 – Updated: 2026-10-19 18:49
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
antoinersx clawhost Reverse Proxy reverseProxy.ts handleRequest redirect
Summary
A vulnerability was detected in antoinersx clawhost up to 0.0.45. This affects the function handleRequest of the file apps/clawhostgo/src/main/services/reverseProxy.ts of the component Reverse Proxy. Performing a manipulation of the argument token results in open redirect. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit is now public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-19 18:49 UTC
CWE
- CWE-601 - Open Redirect
Assigner
VulDB
CNA
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/422332 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/422332/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-112251 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/986376 | third-party-advisory |
| https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1fvX6wjfHd… | exploit |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| antoinersx | clawhost |
Affected:
0.0.1
Affected: 0.0.2 Affected: 0.0.3 Affected: 0.0.4 Affected: 0.0.5 Affected: 0.0.6 Affected: 0.0.7 Affected: 0.0.8 Affected: 0.0.9 Affected: 0.0.10 Affected: 0.0.11 Affected: 0.0.12 Affected: 0.0.13 Affected: 0.0.14 Affected: 0.0.15 Affected: 0.0.16 Affected: 0.0.17 Affected: 0.0.18 Affected: 0.0.19 Affected: 0.0.20 Affected: 0.0.21 Affected: 0.0.22 Affected: 0.0.23 Affected: 0.0.24 Affected: 0.0.25 Affected: 0.0.26 Affected: 0.0.27 Affected: 0.0.28 Affected: 0.0.29 Affected: 0.0.30 Affected: 0.0.31 Affected: 0.0.32 Affected: 0.0.33 Affected: 0.0.34 Affected: 0.0.35 Affected: 0.0.36 Affected: 0.0.37 Affected: 0.0.38 Affected: 0.0.39 Affected: 0.0.40 Affected: 0.0.41 Affected: 0.0.42 Affected: 0.0.43 Affected: 0.0.44 Affected: 0.0.45 cpe:2.3:a:antoinersx:clawhost:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-112040 (GCVE-0-2026-112040)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-19 01:45 – Updated: 2026-10-19 16:36
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
diem-project diem Sign-In BasedmUserActions.class.php redirect
Summary
A vulnerability was determined in diem-project diem up to 116974edfb9a5b8bd69cb13586dc62bcdbb485ad. This affects an unknown part of the file dmCorePlugin/plugins/dmUserPlugin/modules/dmUser/lib/BasedmUserActions.class.php of the component Sign-In. This manipulation of the argument Referer causes open redirect. The attack is possible to be carried out remotely. The exploit has been publicly disclosed and may be utilized. This product adopts a rolling release strategy to maintain continuous delivery. Therefore, version details for affected or updated releases cannot be specified. The project was informed of the problem early through an issue report but has not responded yet.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-19 15:46 UTC
CWE
- CWE-601 - Open Redirect
Assigner
VulDB
CNA
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/421688 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/421688/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-112040 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1008083 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/diem-project/diem/issues/457 | exploitissue-tracking |
| https://github.com/diem-project/diem/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| diem-project | diem |
Affected:
116974edfb9a5b8bd69cb13586dc62bcdbb485ad
cpe:2.3:a:diem-project:diem:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-112034 (GCVE-0-2026-112034)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-19 00:15 – Updated: 2026-10-22 02:28
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
aircheng-org iWebShop-5 Login Redirect _userInfo.php redirect
Summary
A weakness has been identified in aircheng-org iWebShop-5 up to 5.16. The impacted element is the function IController::redirect of the file plugins/_userInfo/_userInfo.php of the component Login Redirect. This manipulation of the argument callback causes open redirect. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been made available to the public and could be used for attacks. The project was informed of the problem early through an issue report but has not responded yet.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-22 02:28 UTC
CWE
- CWE-601 - Open Redirect
Assigner
VulDB
CNA
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/421682 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/421682/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-112034 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1008389 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/aircheng-org/iWebShop-5/issues/10 | exploitissue-tracking |
| https://github.com/aircheng-org/iWebShop-5/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| aircheng-org | iWebShop-5 |
Affected:
5.0
Affected: 5.1 Affected: 5.2 Affected: 5.3 Affected: 5.4 Affected: 5.5 Affected: 5.6 Affected: 5.7 Affected: 5.8 Affected: 5.9 Affected: 5.10 Affected: 5.11 Affected: 5.12 Affected: 5.13 Affected: 5.14 Affected: 5.15 Affected: 5.16 cpe:2.3:a:aircheng-org:iwebshop-5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-111931 (GCVE-0-2026-111931)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-17 18:46 – Updated: 2026-10-18 11:42
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Coder 2.0.0 before 2.34.8 Open Redirect via Workspace App Proxy
Summary
Coder from 2.0.0 before 2.34.8 contains an open redirect vulnerability in handleAPIKeySmuggling that allows attackers to redirect users externally via unsanitized r.URL.Path values. Attackers can craft links on trusted workspace app subdomains with paths beginning with double slashes, which become scheme-relative redirects to attacker sites for phishing.
Severity
4.3 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-18 11:16 UTC
CWE
- CWE-601 - URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Assigner
VulnCheck
CNA
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/coder/coder/security/advisorie… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/coder-2.0.0-… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-08-10 00:00
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CVE-2026-111754 (GCVE-0-2026-111754)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-03 20:55 – Updated: 2026-11-03 21:23
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Angular: Open Redirect via Protocol-Relative URLs in Server-Side Rendering (SSR)
Summary
Angular is a development platform for building mobile and desktop web applications using TypeScript/JavaScript and other languages. Prior to 20.3.33, 21.2.25, and 22.2.1, ServerPlatformLocation in Angular server-side rendering checks for protocol-relative URLs before WHATWG URL normalization. A request path containing a popping dot segment followed by multiple slashes can bypass the raw resolveUrl check and normalize to a pathname beginning with two slashes. When Angular SSR detects a mismatch with the router's final location, it can place that pathname in an HTTP Location header, causing a browser to navigate to an attacker-controlled origin. Affected applications use @angular/platform-server and @angular/ssr and either expose compatible parameter or child route shapes or pass user-controlled navigation targets through infrastructure that preserves the relevant dot segments or semicolons. Pure client-side SPAs are not affected. This issue is fixed in versions 20.3.33, 21.2.25, and 22.2.1.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-03 21:23 UTC
CWE
- CWE-601 - URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Assigner
GitHub_M
CNA
References
11 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/angular/angular/security/advis… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/angular/angular/issues/71076 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/angular/angular/pull/71077 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/angular/angular/pull/71078 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/angular/angular/pull/71079 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/angular/angular/commit/450af9c… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/angular/angular/commit/83944fc… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/angular/angular/commit/928dcfd… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/angular/angular/releases/tag/v… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/angular/angular/releases/tag/v… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/angular/angular/releases/tag/v22.2.1 | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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"timestamp": "2026-11-03T21:23:29.234599Z",
"version": "2.0.3"
},
"type": "ssvc"
}
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-11-03T21:23:55.644Z",
"orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
"shortName": "CISA-ADP"
},
"title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
}
],
"cna": {
"affected": [
{
"product": "angular",
"vendor": "angular",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "\u003c= 19.2.25"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "\u003e= 20.0.0, \u003c 20.3.33"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "\u003e= 21.0.0, \u003c 21.2.25"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "\u003e= 22.0.0, \u003c 22.2.1"
}
]
}
],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "Angular is a development platform for building mobile and desktop web applications using TypeScript/JavaScript and other languages. Prior to 20.3.33, 21.2.25, and 22.2.1, ServerPlatformLocation in Angular server-side rendering checks for protocol-relative URLs before WHATWG URL normalization. A request path containing a popping dot segment followed by multiple slashes can bypass the raw resolveUrl check and normalize to a pathname beginning with two slashes. When Angular SSR detects a mismatch with the router\u0027s final location, it can place that pathname in an HTTP Location header, causing a browser to navigate to an attacker-controlled origin. Affected applications use @angular/platform-server and @angular/ssr and either expose compatible parameter or child route shapes or pass user-controlled navigation targets through infrastructure that preserves the relevant dot segments or semicolons. Pure client-side SPAs are not affected. This issue is fixed in versions 20.3.33, 21.2.25, and 22.2.1."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV4_0": {
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackRequirements": "NONE",
"attackVector": "NETWORK",
"baseScore": 5.1,
"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
"privilegesRequired": "NONE",
"subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
"subConfidentialityImpact": "LOW",
"subIntegrityImpact": "LOW",
"userInteraction": "ACTIVE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N",
"version": "4.0",
"vulnAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
"vulnConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
"vulnIntegrityImpact": "NONE"
}
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-601",
"description": "CWE-601: URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027)",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-11-03T20:55:11.497Z",
"orgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
"shortName": "GitHub_M"
},
"references": [
{
"name": "https://github.com/angular/angular/security/advisories/GHSA-w739-gvwx-grc3",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_CONFIRM"
],
"url": "https://github.com/angular/angular/security/advisories/GHSA-w739-gvwx-grc3"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/angular/angular/issues/71076",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/angular/angular/issues/71076"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/angular/angular/pull/71077",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/angular/angular/pull/71077"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/angular/angular/pull/71078",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/angular/angular/pull/71078"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/angular/angular/pull/71079",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/angular/angular/pull/71079"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/angular/angular/commit/450af9c813c7660b9bd91e5635f705ee3ed7b32a",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/angular/angular/commit/450af9c813c7660b9bd91e5635f705ee3ed7b32a"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/angular/angular/commit/83944fc8c50e86be90e8ec4184cd15002b5af262",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/angular/angular/commit/83944fc8c50e86be90e8ec4184cd15002b5af262"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/angular/angular/commit/928dcfd2582152655b5559509d057bf6a5a19521",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/angular/angular/commit/928dcfd2582152655b5559509d057bf6a5a19521"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/angular/angular/releases/tag/v20.3.33",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/angular/angular/releases/tag/v20.3.33"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/angular/angular/releases/tag/v21.2.25",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/angular/angular/releases/tag/v21.2.25"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/angular/angular/releases/tag/v22.2.1",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/angular/angular/releases/tag/v22.2.1"
}
],
"source": {
"advisory": "GHSA-w739-gvwx-grc3",
"discovery": "UNKNOWN"
},
"title": "Angular: Open Redirect via Protocol-Relative URLs in Server-Side Rendering (SSR)"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
"assignerShortName": "GitHub_M",
"cveId": "CVE-2026-111754",
"datePublished": "2026-11-03T20:55:11.497Z",
"dateReserved": "2026-10-16T17:52:09.081Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-11-03T21:23:55.644Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Architecture and Design
Implementation
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Operation
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.