Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-470

Allowed

Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')

Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft

The product uses external input with reflection to select which classes or code to use, but it does not sufficiently prevent the input from selecting improper classes or code.

127 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-93765 (GCVE-0-2026-93765)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-18 17:01 – Updated: 2026-09-21 18:47
VLAI
Title
Document deletion and process crash via unvalidated method-name dispatch in atomic pop operation
Summary
Mongoid contains an unsafe reflection weakness in the document persistence layer of its object-document mapping code. Input whose keys are passed through from an unauthenticated party by an embedding application can cause unintended internal method invocation instead of the intended array field update. This may result in unintended removal of stored records and in the embedding application becoming unresponsive.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-21 18:47 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
Assigner
mongodb CNA
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
MongoDB Inc. Mongoid Affected: 9.1.0 (semver)
Affected: 9.0.0 , ≤ 9.0.11 (semver)
Affected: 8.1.0 , ≤ 8.1.12 (semver)
Affected: 8.0.0 , ≤ 8.0.12 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-93762 (GCVE-0-2026-93762)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-18 17:15 – Updated: 2026-09-21 18:18
VLAI
Title
Data deletion and attribute disclosure via field-name method injection in in-memory queries
Summary
Mongoid contains an unsafe reflection weakness in the query path used for embedded documents. An application that passes an externally supplied field name to certain in-memory query methods may allow an unauthenticated party to obtain unintended disclosure of stored document data and to permanently remove stored records.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-21 18:17 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
Assigner
mongodb CNA
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
MongoDB Inc. Mongoid Affected: 9.1.0 (semver)
Affected: 9.0.0 , ≤ 9.0.11 (semver)
Affected: 8.1.0 , ≤ 8.1.12 (semver)
Affected: 8.0.0 , ≤ 8.0.12 (semver)
Affected: 7.6.0 , ≤ 7.6.1 (semver)
Affected: 7.5.0 , ≤ 7.5.4 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-92415 (GCVE-0-2026-92415)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-07 15:47 – Updated: 2026-10-07 20:29
VLAI
Title
Apache Jackrabbit: DavEx client runs Class.forName + (String)-constructor on server-controlled error bodies
Summary
— Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code vulnerability in Apache Jackrabbit's WebDAV/Davex client. A malicious WebDAV/DavEx server, or an attacker able to intercept the connection, can cause the client to instantiate arbitrary classes from its classpath, which can lead to arbitrary file creation or truncation. Only applications that use jackrabbit-spi2dav (directly or through jackrabbit-jcr2dav) to connect to a remote repository are affected. Jackrabbit servers are not affected. Category: unsafe reflection on wire data (HIGH). This issue affects Apache Jackrabbit: from 2.23.0 through 2.23.5, from 2.22.0 through 2.22.4, from 2.20.0 through 2.20.17. Users are recommended to upgrade to versions 2.23.6, 2.22.5, or 2.20.18 which fix the issue.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-07 20:29 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-470 - — Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code
Assigner
apache CNA
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Apache Software Foundation Apache Jackrabbit Affected: 2.23.0 , ≤ 2.23.5 (semver)
Affected: 2.22.0 , ≤ 2.22.4 (semver)
Affected: 2.20.0 , ≤ 2.20.17 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-92206 (GCVE-0-2026-92206)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-21 17:17 – Updated: 2026-10-30 15:35
VLAI
Title
CrewAI crewAI Framework Agent Loading Unsafe Reflection Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
Summary
CrewAI crewAI Framework Agent Loading Unsafe Reflection Remote Code Execution Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected installations of CrewAI crewAI. User interaction is required to exploit this vulnerability in that the target must load a malicious agent configuration from the repository. The specific flaw exists within the load_agent_from_repository function. The process does not properly restrict a user-supplied argument before using it to import a module. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to execute code in the context of the service account. Was ZDI-CAN-28387.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-30 15:34 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
Assigner
zdi CNA
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
CrewAI CrewAI Affected: Latest (as of 2025-10-09)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-09-16 15:11
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-90436 (GCVE-0-2026-90436)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-06 15:37 – Updated: 2026-11-06 19:05 Unsupported When Assigned
VLAI
Title
Apache Axis 1.x (EOL): unauthenticated remote class instantiation via SOAP fault exceptionName
Summary
** UNSUPPORTED WHEN ASSIGNED ** Deserialization of an inbound SOAP fault in Apache Axis 1.x allows unauthenticated remote class instantiation. When a SOAP <Fault> carries a <detail><exceptionName> element, Axis loads the named class and, if a String <data> element is also present, instantiates it through its String constructor before checking that it is an AxisFault. Loading alone runs the class's static initializer. With a suitable class on the application's classpath this leads to remote code execution. The fault is parsed while the engine resolves the target service, before any per-service handler chain runs, so authentication handlers configured on a service do not protect against it. This affects all Apache Axis 1.x versions through 1.4. As Axis 1 has been EOL we recommend you migrate to a different SOAP engine, such as Apache Axis 2/Java. Alternatively you could use a build of Axis with the patch from https://github.com/apache/axis-axis1-java/commit/41f3b4e8d04e310ca81f86b92630ab2c11d608bd applied. The Apache Axis project does not expect to create an Axis 1.x release fixing this problem.
Severity
No CVSS data available.
CWE
  • CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled input to select classes or code ('unsafe reflection')
Assigner
apache CNA
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Apache Software Foundation Apache Axis 1.x (EOL) Affected: 0 , ≤ 1.4 (maven)
    cpe:2.3:a:apache:axis:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Apache Software Foundation Apache Axis 1.x (EOL) Affected: aac718c6035435d96b39d6aebb9c078a13af7cc8 , < 41f3b4e8d04e310ca81f86b92630ab2c11d608bd (git)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-86792 (GCVE-0-2026-86792)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-16 09:08 – Updated: 2026-09-17 19:39
VLAI
Title
Apache Airflow Apache Kafka provider: Connection-editor remote code execution on the Scheduler via Kafka connection callback configuration
Summary
Apache Airflow Apache Kafka provider versions 1.15.0 before 2.0.0 resolve dotted-path strings found in a Kafka connection's `extra` field into Python callables via `import_string`, with no allowlist, and hand them to the confluent-kafka client which invokes them. Deployments that have enabled the Kafka event producer — `dag_run_events_enabled` or `task_instance_events_enabled`, both disabled by default — build that client inside the scheduler process, so a user whose only privilege is editing Airflow connections gains arbitrary code execution in the control plane; the Airflow security model limits connection-configuration users to code execution on workers, not the scheduler. Deployments using Google Managed Kafka are not affected, because that code path overwrites any user-supplied `oauth_cb`; plain brokers and Amazon MSK are exposed. Users are recommended to upgrade to apache-airflow-providers-apache-kafka 2.0.0 or later, which adds an allowlist configuration option for connection-string callbacks.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-17 19:38 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
Assigner
apache CNA
Impacted products
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-82894 (GCVE-0-2026-82894)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-05 14:05 – Updated: 2026-11-05 14:05
VLAI
Title
Apache OFBiz: Content renderer runs a service name stored on the row
Summary
Improper Authorization in ContentWorker in Apache OFBiz 24.09 before 24.09.08 on all platforms allows a remote unauthenticated attacker to trigger arbitrary OFBiz service invocation with attacker-controlled parameters, resulting in arbitrary file write, arbitrary file deletion, and server-side request forgery, by requesting the public showHelpPublic view against a Content row whose serviceName field an account holding only CONTENTMGR_CREATE or CONTENTMGR_UPDATE has set to an attacker-chosen service, causing ContentWorker.renderContentAsText to resolve the service to invoke from that persisted, client-writable field and build its parameters directly from the live HTTP request map with no allow-list, no ownership check, and no requirement that the caller be authenticated. Users are recommended to upgrade to version 24.09.08, which fixes this issue.
Severity
No CVSS data available.
CWE
  • CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled input to select classes or code ('unsafe reflection')
Assigner
apache CNA
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Apache Software Foundation Apache OFBiz Affected: 0 , < 24.09.08 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-82440 (GCVE-0-2026-82440)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-09 10:01 – Updated: 2026-11-09 10:13
VLAI
Title
Apache Storm Nimbus: Submitter-Controlled Class Instantiation in Nimbus via a Fail-Open Scheduler Strategy Allowlist
Summary
Description Nimbus instantiates the class named by a topology's `topology.scheduler.strategy` when scheduling it. The allowlist intended to constrain that choice, `nimbus.scheduler.strategy.class.whitelist`, was treated as "allow any class" when unset, and it had no entry in the shipped `defaults.yaml`, so unset was the shipped state. An authenticated submitter could therefore cause Nimbus to instantiate any class on the Nimbus classpath that has a no-argument constructor. Storm's own production artifacts contain classes with side effects suitable for this: instantiating `org.apache.storm.testing.InProcessZookeeper` starts a ZooKeeper server with its own threads and sockets and nothing closes it, and `org.apache.storm.LocalCluster` behaves similarly. Repeated submissions therefore consume threads, sockets and memory in the most privileged daemon in the cluster. Mitigation Upgrade to 3.1.0, where an unset allowlist means the strategies shipped with Storm rather than any class. Note that this is a behaviour change: a cluster running an out-of-tree scheduler strategy without an explicit allowlist will have those topologies refused until the class is added to `nimbus.scheduler.strategy.class.whitelist`. The rejection message names the refused class and the configuration key. Users who cannot upgrade immediately should set `nimbus.scheduler.strategy.class.whitelist` explicitly to the strategies they intend to permit.
Severity
No CVSS data available.
CWE
  • CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled input to select classes or code ('unsafe reflection')
Assigner
apache CNA
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Apache Software Foundation Apache Storm Nimbus Affected: 3.0.0 , < 3.1.0 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-82078 (GCVE-0-2026-82078)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-28 11:45 – Updated: 2026-09-13 23:16
VLAI
Title
PaperCut MF/NG: Unsafe Dynamic Class Loading in Database Connector
Summary
An unsafe dynamic class loading vulnerability exists in the database connection utilities of PaperCut MF and PaperCut NG. The application instantiates database driver classes based on configurable driver names without validating against an allowlist of approved drivers. If an attacker can manipulate system configuration parameters, this enables the execution of arbitrary Java bytecode residing on the application classpath under the security context of the PaperCut server process.
SSVC
Exploitation: active Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-28 00:00 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled input to select classes or code ('unsafe reflection')
Assigner
PaperCut CNA
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
PaperCut PaperCut MF/NG Affected: 0 , < 24.1.10 (semver)
Affected: 25.0.0 , < 25.0.13 (semver)
Affected: 26.0.0 , < 26.0.5 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-79987 (GCVE-0-2026-79987)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-10 16:05 – Updated: 2026-09-11 03:56
VLAI
Title
Low-privilege RCE through element-search eager loading
Summary
A remote, authenticated, non-admin Craft CMS Control Panel user with only the accessCp permission can execute operating system commands as the PHP web worker.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-10 00:00 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled input to select classes or code ('unsafe reflection')
Assigner
Hackrate CNA
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
craftcms cms Affected: 5.8.0 , < 5.10.13 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:craftcms:cms:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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          "url": "https://www.hckrt.com/hacktivity/HCKRT-9TSYY2"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "release-notes"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/craftcms/cms/releases/tag/5.10.13"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "product"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/craftcms/cms"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "third-party-advisory"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/craftcms/cms/security/advisories/GHSA-9c4j-cjw3-r3xx"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "advisory": "GHSA-9c4j-cjw3-r3xx",
        "discovery": "UNKNOWN"
      },
      "title": "Low-privilege RCE through element-search eager loading",
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "Vulnogram 1.0.4"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "7004884b-51e2-48e8-b4a2-5ca29e80453e",
    "assignerShortName": "Hackrate",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-79987",
    "datePublished": "2026-09-10T16:05:55.403Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-08-25T16:39:03.170Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-09-11T03:56:46.336Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Refactor your code to avoid using reflection.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Do not use user-controlled inputs to select and load classes or code.

Mitigation
Implementation

Apply strict input validation by using allowlists or indirect selection to ensure that the user is only selecting allowable classes or code.

CAPEC-138: Reflection Injection

An adversary supplies a value to the target application which is then used by reflection methods to identify a class, method, or field. For example, in the Java programming language the reflection libraries permit an application to inspect, load, and invoke classes and their components by name. If an adversary can control the input into these methods including the name of the class/method/field or the parameters passed to methods, they can cause the targeted application to invoke incorrect methods, read random fields, or even to load and utilize malicious classes that the adversary created. This can lead to the application revealing sensitive information, returning incorrect results, or even having the adversary take control of the targeted application.