Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-94

Allowed-with-Review

Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')

Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product constructs all or part of a code segment using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the syntax or behavior of the intended code segment.

3755 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-77806 (GCVE-0-2026-77806)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-21 13:37 – Updated: 2026-08-21 17:43
VLAI
Summary
SPIP before 4.4.21 allows unauthenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary code, as exploited in the wild in August 2026. This is related to code injection via an X-Spip-Filtre HTTP request header that is mishandled by analyse_resultat_skel.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-21 17:43 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-94 - Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
Assigner
mitre CNA
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
SPIP SPIP Affected: 0 , < 4.4.21 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:spip:spip:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
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CVE-2026-77647 (GCVE-0-2026-77647)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-20 22:24 – Updated: 2026-08-21 20:08
VLAI
Summary
SPIP before 4.4.20 allows unauthenticated remote attackers to execute arbitrary code, as exploited in the wild in August 2026. This is related to incorrect identification of <?php blocks, and var_export's mishandling of certain cases such as presence of a '<' character.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-21 19:49 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-94 - Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
Assigner
mitre CNA
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
SPIP SPIP Affected: 0 , < 4.4.20 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:spip:spip:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
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CVE-2026-77602 (GCVE-0-2026-77602)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-23 18:56 – Updated: 2026-09-29 02:09
VLAI
Title
OpenC3 COSMOS: Authenticated remote code execution via the user-writable config overlay (table definitions, cmd/tlm definitions, and script suites)
Summary
OpenC3 COSMOS provides the functionality needed to send commands to and receive data from one or more embedded systems. From 5.1.0 until 7.3.0, authenticated non-administrator users can write content under targets_modified/ that is later executed by multiple configuration paths below the intended code-execution privilege tier. Table and command or telemetry definitions are processed through ConfigParser, PacketConfig, GENERIC_READ_CONVERSION, or GENERIC_WRITE_CONVERSION, allowing ERB rendering or Ruby and Python evaluation, while openc3-cosmos-script-runner-api/scripts/run_suite_analysis.rb executes suite procedure files through require. Storage uploads, screen saves, and script creation can place content in the overlay, and triggering table processing, a cmd/tlm reload, or suite analysis executes the content in cmd-tlm-api, decom microservices, or Script Runner with access to internal credentials and data. This issue is fixed in version 7.3.0.
Severity
9.9 (Critical)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-29 02:08 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-94 - Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
OpenC3 cosmos Affected: >= 5.1.0, < 7.3.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
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CVE-2026-77415 (GCVE-0-2026-77415)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-21 21:01 – Updated: 2026-08-25 16:55
VLAI
Title
JSONata: Arbitrary Code Execution via crafted JSONata expressions
Summary
JSONata is a JSON query and transformation language. Prior to 1.8.8 and 2.2.1, crafted JSONata expressions could chain several object-integrity weaknesses to execute arbitrary code. The chain could overwrite $clone to mutate objects through evaluateTransformExpression, expose and deconstruct JSONata functions or lambdas through $merge.*, replace proc.arguments.forEach used by applyProcedure, and forge internal lambda state. These primitives allowed an attacker to reach prototype getters, prototype and constructor access, and process.getBuiltinModule with child_process, executing code with the privileges of the host process. This issue is fixed in versions 1.8.8 and 2.2.1.
Severity
9.3 (Critical)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-25 16:53 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-94 - Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
jsonata-js jsonata Affected: < 1.8.8
Affected: >= 2.0.0, < 2.2.1
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
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CVE-2026-77414 (GCVE-0-2026-77414)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-21 20:51 – Updated: 2026-08-26 17:42
VLAI
Title
JSONata: Arbitrary Code Execution via crafted JSONata expressions
Summary
JSONata is a JSON query and transformation language. Prior to 1.8.8 and 2.2.1, the src/jsonata.js environment.lookup function used a bypassable hasOwnProperty check. Crafted expressions could use $hasOwnProperty, $spread, $string, prototype access, and $constructor to reach the object prototype and invoke process.getBuiltinModule with child_process, executing arbitrary code with the privileges of the host process. This issue is fixed in versions 1.8.8 and 2.2.1.
Severity
9.3 (Critical)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-26 17:41 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-94 - Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
jsonata-js jsonata Affected: < 1.8.8
Affected: >= 2.0.0, < 2.2.1
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
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CVE-2026-77413 (GCVE-0-2026-77413)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-21 20:47 – Updated: 2026-08-24 19:42
VLAI
Title
JSONata: Arbitrary Code Execution via crafted JSONata expressions
Summary
JSONata is a JSON query and transformation language. Prior to 1.8.8 and 2.2.0, the src/functions.js lookup function lacked an Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty check and allowed crafted expressions to access inherited prototype members. An attacker able to supply an expression could use inherited prototype setters and getters, constructor access, valueOf, and process.getBuiltinModule to reach the child_process module and execute arbitrary code with the privileges of the host process. This issue is fixed in versions 1.8.8 and 2.2.0.
Severity
9.3 (Critical)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-24 19:42 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-94 - Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
jsonata-js jsonata Affected: < 2.2.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-77281 (GCVE-0-2026-77281)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-17 21:04 – Updated: 2026-09-18 14:43
VLAI
Title
Caddy: rewrite placeholder re-expansion
Summary
Caddy is an extensible server platform that uses TLS by default. In version 2.11.3 and earlier, three configuration-dependent weaknesses affect the handler and placeholder layer. In modules/caddyhttp/rewrite/rewrite.go, Rewrite.Rewrite() can pass attacker-controlled replacement bytes through buildQueryString for a second placeholder expansion when a rewrite URI ends with a literal question mark, allowing injected environment or request-variable placeholders to disclose data and, when the file provider is registered, allowing injected file placeholders to disclose readable files. The issue is fixed in version 2.11.4.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:L
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-18 14:39 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-94 - Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
  • CWE-178 - Improper Handling of Case Sensitivity
  • CWE-770 - Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
caddyserver caddy Affected: < 2.11.4
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-77271 (GCVE-0-2026-77271)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-22 18:00 – Updated: 2026-09-24 14:28
VLAI
Title
MCP Atlassian: Incomplete path traversal fix allows intra-CWD module overwrite and RCE (bypass of CVE-2026-27825)
Summary
MCP Atlassian is a Model Context Protocol (MCP) server for Atlassian products (Confluence and Jira). Prior to 0.22.0, validate_safe_path defaults its base directory to os.getcwd(), and affected Confluence attachment call sites omit base_dir, allowing attacker-selected writes within the working directory. This Python module overwrite can provide code execution when the application later imports the modified module, bypassing the remediation tracked as CVE-2026-27825. This issue is fixed in version 0.22.0.
Severity
8.3 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:H/SI:N/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-24 14:27 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
  • CWE-94 - Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
sooperset mcp-atlassian Affected: < 0.22.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-77147 (GCVE-0-2026-77147)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-14 12:49 – Updated: 2026-09-14 18:09
VLAI
Title
Apache Syncope: Groovy Sandbox escape for empty CommandArgs
Summary
Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection') vulnerability in Apache Syncope. An administrator with adequate entitlements for Implementations can create a malicious Groovy Command class containing untrusted code in their CommandArgs static implementation, bypassing the Groovy security sandbox. This issue affects Apache Syncope: from 3.0.0-M0 through 3.0.16, from 4.0.0-M0 Through 4.0.7, from 4.1.0-M0 through 4.1.2. Users are recommended to upgrade to version 4.0.8 / 4.1.3, which fix this issue.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-14 14:02 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-94 - Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
Assigner
apache CNA
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Apache Software Foundation Apache Syncope Affected: 3.0.0-M0 , ≤ 3.0.16 (semver)
Affected: 4.0.0-M0 , ≤ 4.0.7 (semver)
Affected: 4.1.0-M0 , ≤ 4.1.2 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
n0mi1k
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-77077 (GCVE-0-2026-77077)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-20 11:21 – Updated: 2026-08-21 11:21
VLAI
Title
n8n before 1.123.69 Remote Code Execution via EventEmitter Prototype Pollution
Summary
n8n versions before 1.123.69, 2.33.4, and 2.34.1 contain a JavaScript task runner VM sandbox escape. The runner's prototype-freezing routine covers globalThis functions but not internal module constructors such as EventEmitter, allowing an authenticated user with Code node access to exploit prototype pollution to execute arbitrary commands within the runner container. Because the polluted prototype is a process-wide object, the corruption persists across other tenants' Code node executions on the same shared runner. On v1.x instances without task runners enabled, Code node JavaScript runs directly in the main n8n process, where the impact could be higher.
Severity
7.2 (High)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-20 15:44 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-94 - Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
Assigner
VulnCheck CNA
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
n8n-io n8n Affected: 0 , < 1.123.69 (semver)
Unaffected: 1.123.69 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
n8n-io n8n Affected: 2.34.0 , < 2.34.1 (semver)
Unaffected: 2.34.1 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
n8n-io n8n Affected: 2.0.0 , < 2.33.4 (semver)
Unaffected: 2.33.4 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-08-05 00:00
Credits
dorjoos
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-21T11:21:19.488Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Refactoring

Refactor your program so that you do not have to dynamically generate code.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • Run your code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which code can be executed by your product.
  • Examples include the Unix chroot jail and AppArmor. In general, managed code may provide some protection.
  • This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of your application may still be subject to compromise.
  • Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

  • Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
  • When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
  • Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
  • To reduce the likelihood of code injection, use stringent allowlists that limit which constructs are allowed. If you are dynamically constructing code that invokes a function, then verifying that the input is alphanumeric might be insufficient. An attacker might still be able to reference a dangerous function that you did not intend to allow, such as system(), exec(), or exit().
Mitigation
Testing

Use dynamic tools and techniques that interact with the product using large test suites with many diverse inputs, such as fuzz testing (fuzzing), robustness testing, and fault injection. The product's operation may slow down, but it should not become unstable, crash, or generate incorrect results.

Mitigation MIT-32
Operation

Strategy: Compilation or Build Hardening

Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).

Mitigation MIT-32
Operation

Strategy: Environment Hardening

Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).

Mitigation
Implementation

For Python programs, it is frequently encouraged to use the ast.literal_eval() function instead of eval, since it is intentionally designed to avoid executing code. However, an adversary could still cause excessive memory or stack consumption via deeply nested structures [REF-1372], so the python documentation discourages use of ast.literal_eval() on untrusted data [REF-1373].

CAPEC-242: Code Injection

An adversary exploits a weakness in input validation on the target to inject new code into that which is currently executing. This differs from code inclusion in that code inclusion involves the addition or replacement of a reference to a code file, which is subsequently loaded by the target and used as part of the code of some application.

CAPEC-35: Leverage Executable Code in Non-Executable Files

An attack of this type exploits a system's trust in configuration and resource files. When the executable loads the resource (such as an image file or configuration file) the attacker has modified the file to either execute malicious code directly or manipulate the target process (e.g. application server) to execute based on the malicious configuration parameters. Since systems are increasingly interrelated mashing up resources from local and remote sources the possibility of this attack occurring is high.

CAPEC-77: Manipulating User-Controlled Variables

This attack targets user controlled variables (DEBUG=1, PHP Globals, and So Forth). An adversary can override variables leveraging user-supplied, untrusted query variables directly used on the application server without any data sanitization. In extreme cases, the adversary can change variables controlling the business logic of the application. For instance, in languages like PHP, a number of poorly set default configurations may allow the user to override variables.

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