Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-79
AllowedImproper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Stable
The product does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes user-controllable input before it is placed in output that is used as a web page that is served to other users.
26543 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-106633 (GCVE-0-2026-106633)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-13 19:38 – Updated: 2026-10-13 20:05
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Adobe Experience Manager | Cross-site Scripting (Stored XSS) (CWE-79)
Summary
Adobe Experience Manager is affected by a stored Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability that could be abused by a low-privileged attacker to inject malicious scripts into vulnerable form fields. Malicious JavaScript may be executed in a victim's browser when they browse to the page containing the vulnerable field. Scope is changed.
Severity
5.4 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-13 20:05 UTC
CWE
- CWE-79 - Cross-site Scripting (Stored XSS) (CWE-79)
Assigner
adobe
CNA
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://helpx.adobe.com/security/products/experie… | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adobe | Adobe Experience Manager 6.5 LTS |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 6.5 LTS SP3
(custom)
Unaffected: 6.5 LTS SP1 - Hotfix for GRANITE-75052, 6.5 LTS SP2 - Hotfix for GRANITE-75052, 6.5 LTS SP3 - Hotfix for GRANITE-75052 (custom) |
|
| Adobe | Adobe Experience Manager 6.5 |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 6.5.25
(custom)
Unaffected: 6.5.23 - Hotfix for GRANITE-75052, 6.5.24 - Hotfix for GRANITE-75052, 6.5.25 - Hotfix for GRANITE-75052 (custom) |
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CVE-2026-106632 (GCVE-0-2026-106632)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-13 19:38 – Updated: 2026-10-15 15:11
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Adobe Experience Manager | Cross-site Scripting (DOM-based XSS) (CWE-79)
Summary
Adobe Experience Manager is affected by a DOM-based Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability. An attacker could exploit this issue by manipulating the DOM environment to execute malicious JavaScript within the context of the victim's browser. Exploitation of this issue requires user interaction in that a victim must visit a crafted webpage. Scope is changed.
Severity
5.4 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-14 16:11 UTC
CWE
- CWE-79 - Cross-site Scripting (DOM-based XSS) (CWE-79)
Assigner
adobe
CNA
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://helpx.adobe.com/security/products/experie… | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adobe | Adobe Experience Manager 6.5 LTS |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 6.5 LTS SP3
(custom)
Unaffected: 6.5 LTS SP1 - Hotfix for GRANITE-75052, 6.5 LTS SP2 - Hotfix for GRANITE-75052, 6.5 LTS SP3 - Hotfix for GRANITE-75052 (custom) |
|
| Adobe | Adobe Experience Manager 6.5 |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 6.5.25
(custom)
Unaffected: 6.5.23 - Hotfix for GRANITE-75052, 6.5.24 - Hotfix for GRANITE-75052, 6.5.25 - Hotfix for GRANITE-75052 (custom) |
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CVE-2026-106631 (GCVE-0-2026-106631)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-13 19:38 – Updated: 2026-10-14 18:53
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Adobe Experience Manager | Cross-site Scripting (Stored XSS) (CWE-79)
Summary
Adobe Experience Manager is affected by a stored Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability that could be abused by a low-privileged attacker to inject malicious scripts into vulnerable form fields. Malicious JavaScript may be executed in a victim's browser when they browse to the page containing the vulnerable field. Scope is changed.
Severity
5.4 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-14 18:53 UTC
CWE
- CWE-79 - Cross-site Scripting (Stored XSS) (CWE-79)
Assigner
adobe
CNA
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://helpx.adobe.com/security/products/experie… | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adobe | Adobe Experience Manager 6.5 LTS |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 6.5 LTS SP3
(custom)
Unaffected: 6.5 LTS SP1 - Hotfix for GRANITE-75052, 6.5 LTS SP2 - Hotfix for GRANITE-75052, 6.5 LTS SP3 - Hotfix for GRANITE-75052 (custom) |
|
| Adobe | Adobe Experience Manager 6.5 |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 6.5.25
(custom)
Unaffected: 6.5.23 - Hotfix for GRANITE-75052, 6.5.24 - Hotfix for GRANITE-75052, 6.5.25 - Hotfix for GRANITE-75052 (custom) |
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CVE-2026-106630 (GCVE-0-2026-106630)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-13 19:38 – Updated: 2026-10-14 16:34
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Adobe Experience Manager | Cross-site Scripting (Stored XSS) (CWE-79)
Summary
Adobe Experience Manager is affected by a stored Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability that could be abused by an attacker to inject malicious scripts into vulnerable form fields. Malicious JavaScript may be executed in a victim's browser when they browse to the page containing the vulnerable field, potentially gaining elevated access or control over the victim's account or session. Scope is changed.
Severity
9.3 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-14 16:33 UTC
CWE
- CWE-79 - Cross-site Scripting (Stored XSS) (CWE-79)
Assigner
adobe
CNA
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://helpx.adobe.com/security/products/experie… | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adobe | Adobe Experience Manager 6.5 LTS |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 6.5 LTS SP3
(custom)
Unaffected: 6.5 LTS SP1 - Hotfix for GRANITE-75052, 6.5 LTS SP2 - Hotfix for GRANITE-75052, 6.5 LTS SP3 - Hotfix for GRANITE-75052 (custom) |
|
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Affected:
0 , ≤ 6.5.25
(custom)
Unaffected: 6.5.23 - Hotfix for GRANITE-75052, 6.5.24 - Hotfix for GRANITE-75052, 6.5.25 - Hotfix for GRANITE-75052 (custom) |
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CVE-2026-106629 (GCVE-0-2026-106629)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-13 19:38 – Updated: 2026-10-17 00:42
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Adobe Experience Manager | Cross-site Scripting (Stored XSS) (CWE-79)
Summary
Adobe Experience Manager is affected by a stored Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability that could be abused by an attacker to inject malicious scripts into vulnerable form fields. Malicious JavaScript may be executed in a victim's browser when they browse to the page containing the vulnerable field, potentially gaining elevated access or control over the victim's account or session. Scope is changed.
Severity
9.3 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-17 00:42 UTC
CWE
- CWE-79 - Cross-site Scripting (Stored XSS) (CWE-79)
Assigner
adobe
CNA
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://helpx.adobe.com/security/products/experie… | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adobe | Adobe Experience Manager 6.5 LTS |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 6.5 LTS SP3
(custom)
Unaffected: 6.5 LTS SP1 - Hotfix for GRANITE-75052, 6.5 LTS SP2 - Hotfix for GRANITE-75052, 6.5 LTS SP3 - Hotfix for GRANITE-75052 (custom) |
|
| Adobe | Adobe Experience Manager 6.5 |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 6.5.25
(custom)
Unaffected: 6.5.23 - Hotfix for GRANITE-75052, 6.5.24 - Hotfix for GRANITE-75052, 6.5.25 - Hotfix for GRANITE-75052 (custom) |
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CVE-2026-106628 (GCVE-0-2026-106628)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-13 19:38 – Updated: 2026-10-13 20:06
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Adobe Experience Manager | Cross-site Scripting (DOM-based XSS) (CWE-79)
Summary
Adobe Experience Manager is affected by a DOM-based Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability. An attacker could exploit this issue by manipulating the DOM environment to execute malicious JavaScript within the context of the victim's browser. Exploitation of this issue requires user interaction in that a victim must visit a crafted webpage. Scope is changed.
Severity
5.4 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-13 20:06 UTC
CWE
- CWE-79 - Cross-site Scripting (DOM-based XSS) (CWE-79)
Assigner
adobe
CNA
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://helpx.adobe.com/security/products/experie… | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adobe | Adobe Experience Manager 6.5 LTS |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 6.5 LTS SP3
(custom)
Unaffected: 6.5 LTS SP1 - Hotfix for GRANITE-75052, 6.5 LTS SP2 - Hotfix for GRANITE-75052, 6.5 LTS SP3 - Hotfix for GRANITE-75052 (custom) |
|
| Adobe | Adobe Experience Manager 6.5 |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 6.5.25
(custom)
Unaffected: 6.5.23 - Hotfix for GRANITE-75052, 6.5.24 - Hotfix for GRANITE-75052, 6.5.25 - Hotfix for GRANITE-75052 (custom) |
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CVE-2026-106604 (GCVE-0-2026-106604)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-15 18:01 – Updated: 2026-10-16 14:39 X_Open Source
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
WordPress YITH WooCommerce Compare plugin <= 3.15.0 - Cross Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability
Summary
Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting') vulnerability in YITH YITH WooCommerce Compare yith-woocommerce-compare allows Stored XSS.This issue affects YITH WooCommerce Compare: from n/a through 3.15.0.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-16 14:35 UTC
CWE
- CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
Patchstack
CNA
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/… | vdb-entry |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| YITH | YITH WooCommerce Compare |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 3.15.0
(custom)
|
Date Public
2026-10-15 18:01
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CVE-2026-106512 (GCVE-0-2026-106512)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-06 18:48 – Updated: 2026-10-07 16:31
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
MISP sachertortephp - CakeResponse::download() HTTP Response Splitting via Unsanitized Filename Enables Stored XSS
Summary
The CakeResponse::download() method in lib/Cake/Network/CakeResponse.php constructs a Content-Disposition header by directly interpolating a caller-supplied filename into a quoted-string value without sanitization. Two distinct injection vectors exist in the unpatched code. First, if the filename contains C0 control characters (CR or LF), PHP refuses to emit the entire Content-Disposition header, silently dropping the attachment disposition. The response body is then served with its own Content-Type (for example text/html for an .html attachment) and renders inline in the browser on the application origin, creating a stored cross-site scripting condition. The commit message notes this is reachable even when the download_attachments_on_load setting is enabled, meaning a victim merely needs to view a page that triggers the download. Second, a double-quote character in the filename terminates the quoted-string value early, permitting injection of additional Content-Disposition parameters. The affected code path covers all callers of CakeResponse::download(), including attribute downloads, proposal downloads, and restSearch exports. An authenticated user who can create or upload an attachment with a crafted filename (for example through MISP attribute naming or proposal attachment naming) can store the malicious filename. When any other authenticated user views the affected page, the unsanitized filename is reflected into the HTTP response header, resulting in header manipulation and potential execution of arbitrary HTML or JavaScript in the context of the application origin. The security impact is equivalent to a stored cross-site scripting vulnerability, allowing session hijacking, data exfiltration, and unauthorized actions on behalf of the victim.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
Supplier · CIRCL (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-06 18:44 UTC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-07 16:31 UTC
CWE
Assigner
CIRCL
CNA
References
2 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| MISP | sachertortephp |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 1c2da20cbe3f1e2a91458fe9a017823b7273fdac
(semver)
cpe:2.3:a:misp:sachertortephp_\(cakephp-based_misp_application\):*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
GCVE extensions
AI-generated
Partially reviewed
Confidence: medium
Model
qwen3.8:27b
2 events
advisory
bcp-05-x-01bcp-05-x-02bcp-05-x-03
Draft vulnerability metadata was generated from a git-format patch using an Ollama-hosted language model. Human validation is required before publication.
ai-computer-assisted:llm-generatedai-computer-assisted:classification
| Model | Source | Identifier |
|---|---|---|
| qwen3.8:27b | ollama | qwen3.8:27b |
- Generator
-
patch2vuln.pyon 2026-10-06 18:44 - Model
qwen3.8:27b- Input
-
patch set (2 sources)
ce7901c623bb… - Confidence
- medium
| Commit | Subject | Patch SHA-256 |
|---|---|---|
afbc551aa6b8
|
fix: [security] Strip control characters from download | 9430abddfb8d… |
e2c800217296
|
fix: [security] Escape the download filename quoted-string | 41c2630e0a4b… |
Fix summary
The vulnerability is remediated by sanitizing the filename before it is interpolated into the Content-Disposition header. C0 control characters (0x00-0x1F) and DEL (0x7F) are stripped to prevent HTTP response splitting and header suppression. Subsequently, double-quote and backslash characters are escaped using addcslashes per RFC 6266 quoted-string rules to prevent early termination of the quoted value and injection of additional header parameters. Together these two steps ensure the filename remains contained within the intended quoted-string token regardless of its content.
Patch summary
Two commits modify CakeResponse::download() in lib/Cake/Network/CakeResponse.php. The first commit (afbc551) adds a preg_replace call that strips all C0 control characters and DEL from the filename string before the header is composed. The second commit (e2c8002) adds an addcslashes call that escapes double-quote and backslash characters in the filename after the control-character strip, ensuring the quoted-string value in the Content-Disposition header cannot be broken out of. Both changes are inserted immediately before the existing $this->header('Content-Disposition', ...) call.
CVSS rationale
AV:N: The vulnerability is exploitable over the network via HTTP. AC:L: No race conditions or special timing are required; a crafted filename is sufficient. AT:N: The malicious filename is stored in the application; no manipulation of the attack target is needed at exploit time. PR:L: An authenticated MISP user with the ability to create or upload an attachment is required to store the crafted filename. UI:N: The victim only needs to view a page that triggers the download; no specific interaction beyond normal browsing is required. VC/VI/VA:N: The vulnerable component (the MISP server) itself is not directly compromised in terms of its own confidentiality, integrity, or availability. SC:H: The rendered HTML/JavaScript executes in the victim's browser on the application origin, granting full access to the victim's session, cookies, and data. SI:L: The attacker can modify what the victim sees and potentially submit forms on the victim's behalf. SA:N: No availability impact on the victim's system.
Weakness rationale
- CWE-113 CRLF characters in the unsanitized filename cause PHP to suppress the entire Content-Disposition header, effectively splitting or altering the HTTP response structure. This is the primary mechanism by which the attachment disposition is dropped and the body renders inline.
- CWE-79 The consequence of the header suppression is that an HTML attachment renders inline on the application origin, constituting a stored XSS condition. The quote-injection variant (CWE-74) also contributes to the header manipulation but the security impact is best characterized as XSS.
- CWE-20 The root cause is the absence of input validation and output encoding on the filename parameter before it is placed into an HTTP header value. Both the control-character and quote-injection variants stem from this missing validation.
Attack pattern rationale
- CAPEC-66 The attacker injects CRLF sequences into the filename field, which is reflected into the Content-Disposition HTTP response header. This causes the header to be suppressed or its structure altered, matching the HTTP response splitting attack pattern. The quote-injection variant is a secondary header parameter injection that also falls under this pattern.
- CAPEC-2 The attack relies on supplying special characters (CRLF, double-quote) in a user-controlled input field (the attachment filename) that the application fails to neutralize before using it in a structured output context (HTTP header). This is the closest general-purpose CAPEC for injection via special characters when a more specific pattern is not available.
Assumptions to verify
- The affected product is identified as MISP sachertortephp based on the GitHub repository URL in the patch metadata; no specific version range is provided in the patch or metadata.
- PR:L assumes that creating or uploading an attachment with a crafted filename requires authenticated access to the MISP instance; the patch does not explicitly state the authentication model.
- UI:N assumes the victim triggers the download by normal page navigation; the commit message states the issue is reachable with download_attachments_on_load enabled, implying no special user action beyond viewing the page.
- SC:H assumes the rendered HTML/JavaScript on the application origin grants full access to the victim's session and data, consistent with standard stored XSS impact.
- The CAPEC-66 mapping is the closest available pattern for HTTP response header manipulation via CRLF injection; CAPEC-2 is included as a supplementary general-purpose pattern. Neither CAPEC perfectly captures the combined CRLF-suppression and quote-injection mechanism.
- The Co-Authored-By line referencing Claude Opus 4.8 is treated as a tool credit per the metadata remediation_developers field; it is not a human contributor.
- The patch does not specify whether the filename is attacker-controlled at creation time or only at serve time; the commit message states it 'neutralises already-stored filenames on serve,' implying the filename may have been stored before the fix.
Model comparison
Selected qwen3.8:27b
by deterministic-consensus-v1
The selected result is closest to model consensus; this heuristic does not establish factual correctness and human review remains required.
| Model | Score | Agreement | Confidence | Assumptions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
qwen3.8:27b |
5 | 11 | medium | 7 |
- 2026-10-06 17:27 UTC Fix developed Corrective change authored (afbc551aa6b8aedb87dfa1223a388e9a3178abfd): fix: [security] Strip control characters from download https://github.com/MISP/sachertortephp/commit/afbc551aa6b8aedb87dfa1223a388e9a3178abfd.patch
- 2026-10-06 18:20 UTC Fix developed Corrective change authored (e2c80021729611922817a57d2317b2ffa7ed1439): fix: [security] Escape the download filename quoted-string https://github.com/MISP/sachertortephp/commit/e2c80021729611922817a57d2317b2ffa7ed1439.patch
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CVE-2026-106155 (GCVE-0-2026-106155)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-09 07:07 – Updated: 2026-10-09 18:03
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Stored Cross-site Scripting (XSS) in Telerik Report Server Web Report Viewers
Summary
In Progress® Telerik® Report Server prior to version 12.2.26.1007, a stored cross-site scripting vulnerability in the shared reporting engine allows an authenticated report author to embed javascript: or vbscript: URLs in report navigation actions or HTML text box links. When another user views the malicious report and the embedded navigation is triggered, attacker-controlled script can execute in the web report viewer's origin. In a multi-user Report Server deployment, this can enable privilege escalation by performing actions in a higher-privilege user's authenticated session, including an administrator's session.
Severity
8.9 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-09 18:02 UTC
CWE
- CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
ProgressSoftware
CNA
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.telerik.com/report-server/documentati… | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Progress Software | Telerik Report Server |
Affected:
0 , < 12.2.26.1007
(custom)
|
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CVE-2026-106153 (GCVE-0-2026-106153)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-15 14:12 – Updated: 2026-10-15 18:24
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Cross-site Scripting (XSS) in Kendo UI for jQuery Calendar and MultiViewCalendar
Summary
In Progress® Kendo® UI for jQuery prior to version 2026.3.1015, the Calendar and MultiViewCalendar month content templates render data.url and data.title without proper URL sanitization and HTML attribute encoding. An attacker with low privileges who can control the URL option or culture-derived title values can supply a JavaScript URL or inject event-handler attributes. When a user interacts with an affected calendar, JavaScript can execute in the user's browser context and compromise the confidentiality and integrity of accessible data.
Severity
5.4 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-15 18:24 UTC
CWE
- CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
ProgressSoftware
CNA
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.telerik.com/kendo-jquery-ui/documenta… | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Progress Software | Kendo UI for jQuery |
Affected:
2011.3.1007 , < 2026.3.1015
(custom)
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Mitigation MIT-4
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
- Examples of libraries and frameworks that make it easier to generate properly encoded output include Microsoft's Anti-XSS library, the OWASP ESAPI Encoding module, and Apache Wicket.
Mitigation
Implementation
Architecture and Design
- Understand the context in which your data will be used and the encoding that will be expected. This is especially important when transmitting data between different components, or when generating outputs that can contain multiple encodings at the same time, such as web pages or multi-part mail messages. Study all expected communication protocols and data representations to determine the required encoding strategies.
- For any data that will be output to another web page, especially any data that was received from external inputs, use the appropriate encoding on all non-alphanumeric characters.
- Parts of the same output document may require different encodings, which will vary depending on whether the output is in the:
- etc. Note that HTML Entity Encoding is only appropriate for the HTML body.
- Consult the XSS Prevention Cheat Sheet [REF-724] for more details on the types of encoding and escaping that are needed.
- HTML body
- Element attributes (such as src="XYZ")
- URIs
- JavaScript sections
- Cascading Style Sheets and style property
Mitigation MIT-6
Architecture and Design
Implementation
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
Mitigation MIT-15
Architecture and Design
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation MIT-27
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Parameterization
If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
Mitigation MIT-30.1
Implementation
Strategy: Output Encoding
- Use and specify an output encoding that can be handled by the downstream component that is reading the output. Common encodings include ISO-8859-1, UTF-7, and UTF-8. When an encoding is not specified, a downstream component may choose a different encoding, either by assuming a default encoding or automatically inferring which encoding is being used, which can be erroneous. When the encodings are inconsistent, the downstream component might treat some character or byte sequences as special, even if they are not special in the original encoding. Attackers might then be able to exploit this discrepancy and conduct injection attacks; they even might be able to bypass protection mechanisms that assume the original encoding is also being used by the downstream component.
- The problem of inconsistent output encodings often arises in web pages. If an encoding is not specified in an HTTP header, web browsers often guess about which encoding is being used. This can open up the browser to subtle XSS attacks.
Mitigation MIT-43
Implementation
With Struts, write all data from form beans with the bean's filter attribute set to true.
Mitigation MIT-31
Implementation
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
To help mitigate XSS attacks against the user's session cookie, set the session cookie to be HttpOnly. In browsers that support the HttpOnly feature (such as more recent versions of Internet Explorer and Firefox), this attribute can prevent the user's session cookie from being accessible to malicious client-side scripts that use document.cookie. This is not a complete solution, since HttpOnly is not supported by all browsers. More importantly, XmlHttpRequest and other powerful browser technologies provide read access to HTTP headers, including the Set-Cookie header in which the HttpOnly flag is set.
Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- When dynamically constructing web pages, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set based on the expected value of the parameter in the request. All input should be validated and cleansed, not just parameters that the user is supposed to specify, but all data in the request, including hidden fields, cookies, headers, the URL itself, and so forth. A common mistake that leads to continuing XSS vulnerabilities is to validate only fields that are expected to be redisplayed by the site. It is common to see data from the request that is reflected by the application server or the application that the development team did not anticipate. Also, a field that is not currently reflected may be used by a future developer. Therefore, validating ALL parts of the HTTP request is recommended.
- Note that proper output encoding, escaping, and quoting is the most effective solution for preventing XSS, although input validation may provide some defense-in-depth. This is because it effectively limits what will appear in output. Input validation will not always prevent XSS, especially if you are required to support free-form text fields that could contain arbitrary characters. For example, in a chat application, the heart emoticon ("<3") would likely pass the validation step, since it is commonly used. However, it cannot be directly inserted into the web page because it contains the "<" character, which would need to be escaped or otherwise handled. In this case, stripping the "<" might reduce the risk of XSS, but it would produce incorrect behavior because the emoticon would not be recorded. This might seem to be a minor inconvenience, but it would be more important in a mathematical forum that wants to represent inequalities.
- Even if you make a mistake in your validation (such as forgetting one out of 100 input fields), appropriate encoding is still likely to protect you from injection-based attacks. As long as it is not done in isolation, input validation is still a useful technique, since it may significantly reduce your attack surface, allow you to detect some attacks, and provide other security benefits that proper encoding does not address.
- Ensure that you perform input validation at well-defined interfaces within the application. This will help protect the application even if a component is reused or moved elsewhere.
Mitigation MIT-21
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
Mitigation MIT-29
Operation
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
Mitigation MIT-16
Operation
Implementation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
When using PHP, configure the application so that it does not use register_globals. During implementation, develop the application so that it does not rely on this feature, but be wary of implementing a register_globals emulation that is subject to weaknesses such as CWE-95, CWE-621, and similar issues.
CAPEC-209: XSS Using MIME Type Mismatch
An adversary creates a file with scripting content but where the specified MIME type of the file is such that scripting is not expected. The adversary tricks the victim into accessing a URL that responds with the script file. Some browsers will detect that the specified MIME type of the file does not match the actual type of its content and will automatically switch to using an interpreter for the real content type. If the browser does not invoke script filters before doing this, the adversary's script may run on the target unsanitized, possibly revealing the victim's cookies or executing arbitrary script in their browser.
CAPEC-588: DOM-Based XSS
This type of attack is a form of Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) where a malicious script is inserted into the client-side HTML being parsed by a web browser. Content served by a vulnerable web application includes script code used to manipulate the Document Object Model (DOM). This script code either does not properly validate input, or does not perform proper output encoding, thus creating an opportunity for an adversary to inject a malicious script launch a XSS attack. A key distinction between other XSS attacks and DOM-based attacks is that in other XSS attacks, the malicious script runs when the vulnerable web page is initially loaded, while a DOM-based attack executes sometime after the page loads. Another distinction of DOM-based attacks is that in some cases, the malicious script is never sent to the vulnerable web server at all. An attack like this is guaranteed to bypass any server-side filtering attempts to protect users.
CAPEC-591: Reflected XSS
This type of attack is a form of Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) where a malicious script is "reflected" off a vulnerable web application and then executed by a victim's browser. The process starts with an adversary delivering a malicious script to a victim and convincing the victim to send the script to the vulnerable web application.
CAPEC-592: Stored XSS
An adversary utilizes a form of Cross-site Scripting (XSS) where a malicious script is persistently "stored" within the data storage of a vulnerable web application as valid input.
CAPEC-63: Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
An adversary embeds malicious scripts in content that will be served to web browsers. The goal of the attack is for the target software, the client-side browser, to execute the script with the users' privilege level. An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that are brought on by allowing remote hosts to execute code and scripts. Web browsers, for example, have some simple security controls in place, but if a remote attacker is allowed to execute scripts (through injecting them in to user-generated content like bulletin boards) then these controls may be bypassed. Further, these attacks are very difficult for an end user to detect.
CAPEC-85: AJAX Footprinting
This attack utilizes the frequent client-server roundtrips in Ajax conversation to scan a system. While Ajax does not open up new vulnerabilities per se, it does optimize them from an attacker point of view. A common first step for an attacker is to footprint the target environment to understand what attacks will work. Since footprinting relies on enumeration, the conversational pattern of rapid, multiple requests and responses that are typical in Ajax applications enable an attacker to look for many vulnerabilities, well-known ports, network locations and so on. The knowledge gained through Ajax fingerprinting can be used to support other attacks, such as XSS.