Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-79

Allowed

Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')

Abstraction: Base · Status: Stable

API response cwe.mitre.org

The product does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes user-controllable input before it is placed in output that is used as a web page that is served to other users.

26545 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-95661 (GCVE-0-2026-95661)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-22 12:54 – Updated: 2026-09-22 15:34
VLAI
Title
MISP Reflected Cross-Site Scripting in Attribute Histogram via Unescaped URL-Supplied Type List
Summary
MISP contains a reflected cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the attribute histogram view. The $selectedTypes variable, which is derived from the URL path segment , was interpolated directly into a JavaScript array literal inside an onClick HTML attribute without any encoding or escaping. An attacker who can cause an authenticated MISP user to visit a crafted URL containing a malicious type value can execute arbitrary JavaScript in the victim's browser within the MISP application origin. Successful exploitation allows the attacker to read session cookies, perform actions on behalf of the victim, or exfiltrate sensitive data accessible from the MISP interface.  The vulnerability requires the victim to be authenticated and to actively navigate to the attacker-supplied URL.
Severity
5.1 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-22 15:33 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
CIRCL CNA
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
MISP MISP Affected: 0 , < 2.5.47 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Jeroen Pinoy iglocska Claude Opus 4.8
GCVE extensions
bcp-05-x-01
AI-assisted vulnerability information annotation
GCVE-BCP-05-X-01
Whole record AI-generated Human-reviewed GNA-1

Draft vulnerability metadata was generated from a git-format patch using an Ollama-hosted language model. Human validation is required before publication.

ai-computer-assisted:llm-generatedai-computer-assisted:classification
Model Source Identifier
qwen3.8:27b ollama qwen3.8:27b
bcp-05-x-02
Patch-to-vulnerability generation provenance
GCVE-BCP-05-X-02
Generator
patch2vuln.py on 2026-09-22 12:45
Model
qwen3.8:27b
Input
https://github.com/MISP/MISP/commit/95b8f21f6.patch 33d145872395…
Confidence
high
Commit Subject Patch SHA-256
95b8f21f6be9 fix: [security] Escape the selected types in the attribute 33d145872395…
Fix summary

The fix replaces the unsafe raw PHP loop that concatenated type values into a JavaScript array literal with a call to json_encode() using the JSON_HEX_TAG, JSON_HEX_APOS, JSON_HEX_QUOT, and JSON_HEX_AMP flags. This ensures that all special characters (angle brackets, quotes, ampersands) in the type values are hex-encoded, preventing any value from breaking out of the JavaScript string/array context and injecting arbitrary script.

Patch summary

In app/View/Elements/histogram.ctp, the onClick attribute previously built a JS array by iterating over $selectedTypes and echoing each value between double quotes with no escaping: [<?php foreach ($selectedTypes as $t) echo '"' . $t . '", ' ?>]. The patch replaces this with a single json_encode($selectedTypes, JSON_HEX_TAG | JSON_HEX_APOS | JSON_HEX_QUOT | JSON_HEX_AMP) call, producing a safely encoded JSON array literal that cannot be broken out of by any element value.

CVSS rationale

AV:N: The vulnerability is exploitable over the network via a crafted URL. AC:L: No race conditions or special environment conditions are required; the attacker simply crafts a URL with a malicious type value. AT:N: No manipulation of the attack target is needed. PR:N: The attacker requires no privileges on the MISP instance; the victim must be authenticated, but that is a precondition on the victim, not a privilege requirement on the attacker. UI:A: The victim must actively click a link or navigate to the attacker-supplied URL for the reflected payload to execute. VC:N, VI:N, VA:N: The MISP server itself is not directly compromised; the impact is confined to the victim's browser session. SC:L: The attacker can read session tokens or data visible in the MISP UI within the victim's browser. SI:L: The attacker can perform actions on behalf of the victim within the MISP application. SA:N: No availability impact on the victim's browser or the MISP server.

Weakness rationale
  • CWE-79 The patch directly addresses the reflection of untrusted, URL-supplied data into a JavaScript context within an HTML attribute without encoding. This is a textbook reflected XSS (CWE-79). The specific sub-type is reflected XSS in a JavaScript context (inline event handler), but CWE-79 is the standard and most precise mapping.
Attack pattern rationale
  • CAPEC-1 CAPEC-1 is the canonical CAPEC pattern for cross-site scripting attacks, covering reflected, stored, and DOM-based variants. The patch evidence shows a reflected XSS where URL-supplied data is injected into an inline JavaScript event handler. CAPEC-1 is the closest and most direct match. No more specific CAPEC sub-pattern for reflected XSS in inline JS handlers exists in the CAPEC catalog, so CAPEC-1 is the best available mapping.
Assumptions to verify
  • The affected version boundary is inferred from the tag_version_boundary metadata (v2.5.47 with 46 commits after the fix); the exact first affected version is not stated in the patch and is assumed to be all versions prior to the fix commit.
  • The UI:A (Active) rating assumes the victim must click a link or manually navigate to the crafted URL; if the URL could be triggered via an auto-redirect or embedded iframe, UI:P (Passive) might be more appropriate.
  • SC:L and SI:L are conservative ratings for the secondary-system impact; a full session hijack or data exfiltration could justify SC:H/SI:H, but the patch evidence does not specify the exact scope of exploitable data.
  • The CAPEC-1 mapping is the closest available pattern; no CAPEC sub-pattern specifically covers reflected XSS in inline JavaScript event handlers, so the general XSS pattern is used.
  • The commit message references 'any logged-in victim,' implying authentication is required; the exact role or permission level of the victim is not specified.
Model comparison

Selected qwen3.8:27b by deterministic-consensus-v1
The selected result is closest to model consensus; this heuristic does not establish factual correctness and human review remains required.

Model Score Agreement Confidence Assumptions
qwen3.8:27b 6 9 high 5
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-95659 (GCVE-0-2026-95659)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-22 12:40 – Updated: 2026-09-22 15:34
VLAI
Title
MISP Reflected XSS via Unvalidated Object Type in AnalystData Overmind Thread
Summary
MISP contains a reflected cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the AnalystDataController::viewForObject action. The method accepted a parent object type parameter from the URL without validation and passed it to the Overmind-themed AnalystData thread view element, where it was interpolated into two translated strings and rendered into the HTML response without output encoding. An authenticated attacker who can induce a victim to navigate to a crafted URL can inject arbitrary JavaScript that executes in the victim's browser within the MISP application context. This may allow the attacker to read session data, manipulate the page, or perform actions on behalf of the victim.  The vulnerability requires the victim to be authenticated to MISP and to actively visit the attacker-supplied URL. The affected component is the AnalystData controller and the Overmind theme's AnalystData thread element. Version affected: <2.5.47
Severity
4.8 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:A/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-22 15:34 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
  • CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
  • CWE-20 - Improper Input Validation
Assigner
CIRCL CNA
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
MISP MISP Affected: 0 , < 2.5.47 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Jeroen Pinoy iglocska Claude Fable 5.1
GCVE extensions
bcp-05-x-01
AI-assisted vulnerability information annotation
GCVE-BCP-05-X-01
Whole record AI-generated Human-reviewed GNA-1

Draft vulnerability metadata was generated from a git-format patch using an Ollama-hosted language model. Human validation is required before publication.

ai-computer-assisted:llm-generatedai-computer-assisted:classification
Model Source Identifier
qwen3.8:27b ollama qwen3.8:27b
bcp-05-x-02
Patch-to-vulnerability generation provenance
GCVE-BCP-05-X-02
Generator
patch2vuln.py on 2026-09-22 12:33
Model
qwen3.8:27b
Input
https://github.com/MISP/MISP/commit/23b879073.patch 4476bdd487c3…
Confidence
high
Commit Subject Patch SHA-256
23b879073eef fix: [security] Reflected XSS via the object type in the 4476bdd487c3…
Fix summary

The fix introduces two layers of defense. First, the viewForObject action now validates the object_type parameter against the AnalystData::valid_targets whitelist and rejects any value not in that list with a NotFoundException, preventing arbitrary strings from reaching the view layer. Second, the two output sinks in the Overmind thread.ctp template now apply the h() HTML-encoding function to the object type before interpolation into translated strings, ensuring that even if a valid type were to contain special characters, it would be rendered as inert text rather than executable markup.

Patch summary

In AnalystDataController.php, the patch adds an import of the AnalystData model and inserts a guard clause at the top of viewForObject that checks the $object_type parameter against AnalystData::valid_targets using a strict in_array comparison; if the value is not in the list, a NotFoundException is thrown. In thread.ctp, two occurrences of strtolower($objectType) passed directly into __() translation calls are wrapped with h() to HTML-encode the value before it is embedded in the rendered HTML output.

CVSS rationale

AV:N: The vulnerability is exploitable over the network via a crafted URL. AC:L: No race conditions or special environment conditions are required; the attacker simply crafts a URL with a malicious object_type value. AT:N: No manipulation of the attack target is needed. PR:L: The victim must be authenticated to MISP to reach the AnalystData view. UI:A: The victim must actively navigate to the attacker-supplied URL (e.g., click a link), which constitutes active user interaction. VC:N, VI:N, VA:N: The vulnerable MISP server itself is not directly compromised; the impact is on the victim's browser session. SC:L: The attacker can read data available in the victim's browser context (cookies, session tokens, page content) but impact is limited to the current page. SI:L: The attacker can modify the rendered page or submit forms on behalf of the victim within the session. SA:N: No broader security impact on other systems is expected from this reflected XSS.

Weakness rationale
  • CWE-79 The object_type URL parameter is reflected into HTML output without encoding, allowing script injection. This is a textbook reflected XSS.
  • CWE-116 The view template interpolated the object type into translated strings without applying h() HTML encoding, which is the direct encoding failure that permits the XSS.
  • CWE-20 The controller accepted any arbitrary string as the object_type parameter without validating it against the known set of valid analyst-data target types, allowing attacker-controlled data to reach the output layer.
Attack pattern rationale
  • CAPEC-127 The vulnerability is a reflected XSS: attacker-controlled input from the URL is reflected into the HTML response without encoding. CAPEC-127 is the most specific and directly applicable attack pattern. No uncertainty in this mapping.
  • CAPEC-61 CAPEC-61 is the broader parent pattern for XSS attacks. It is included as a secondary mapping to cover the general class of the vulnerability. CAPEC-127 is the more precise match; CAPEC-61 is listed for completeness.
Assumptions to verify
  • The affected version range is inferred from the tag_version_boundary metadata (v2.5.47 with 58 commits after the fix), suggesting the fix is included in v2.5.47. The exact first affected version is not specified in the patch.
  • PR:L assumes the AnalystData viewForObject action requires authentication, which is consistent with MISP's typical access model but not explicitly confirmed in the patch.
  • UI:A assumes the victim must actively navigate to a crafted URL (e.g., click a link). If the malicious URL could be loaded in an iframe or auto-redirected, UI:P might be more appropriate, but the evidence supports active navigation.
  • SC:L and SI:L reflect the typical impact of reflected XSS limited to the current page context; a more severe impact (SC:H, SI:H) is possible if the XSS can exfiltrate full session credentials or perform privileged actions, but the patch evidence does not confirm the scope of available data.
  • The CAPEC-61 mapping is a broader parent pattern included for completeness; CAPEC-127 is the primary and most precise match.
Model comparison

Selected qwen3.8:27b by deterministic-consensus-v1
The selected result is closest to model consensus; this heuristic does not establish factual correctness and human review remains required.

Model Score Agreement Confidence Assumptions
qwen3.8:27b 6 9 high 5
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CVE-2026-95657 (GCVE-0-2026-95657)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-22 17:45 – Updated: 2026-09-25 23:53 X_Open Source
VLAI
Title
dgtlmoon Changedetection.io Visual Selector visual-selector.js setCurrentSelectedText cross site scripting
Summary
A vulnerability was determined in dgtlmoon Changedetection.io up to 0.55.8. This issue affects the function setCurrentSelectedText of the file changedetectionio/static/js/visual-selector.js of the component Visual Selector. Executing a manipulation of the argument s can lead to cross site scripting. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been publicly disclosed and may be utilized. Upgrading to version 0.60.1 is capable of addressing this issue. This patch is called aac6fcfa594f17511b8ff73e5eaa4f6c33899de0. It is suggested to upgrade the affected component.
Severity
5.1 (Medium)
CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:P/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P
3.5 (Low)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N/E:P/RL:O/RC:C
3.5 (Low)
CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N/E:P/RL:O/RC:C
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-25 23:53 UTC
CWE
Assigner
VulDB CNA
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
dgtlmoon Changedetection.io Affected: 0.55.0
Affected: 0.55.1
Affected: 0.55.2
Affected: 0.55.3
Affected: 0.55.4
Affected: 0.55.5
Affected: 0.55.6
Affected: 0.55.7
Affected: 0.55.8
Unaffected: 0.60.1
    cpe:2.3:a:dgtlmoon:changedetection.io:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
herantong (VulDB User)
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-95626 (GCVE-0-2026-95626)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-23 09:33 – Updated: 2026-09-23 14:03
VLAI
Title
Tauri framework v2 CSP nonce protection bypass via data and blob URI schemes allows an XSS to RCE chains
Summary
Tauri's Content Security Policy hardening, which injects a random nonce to restrict script execution, provides zero protection when an application includes data: or blob: in its script-src directive. Per the CSP Level 3 specification, these scheme sources remain active even when a nonce is present, allowing arbitrary script execution without knowing the nonce.
Severity
8.3 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-23 14:03 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
JFROG CNA
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Tauri tauri Affected: 2.0.0 , ≤ * (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Yuval Moravchick JFrog Security Research
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-95609 (GCVE-0-2026-95609)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-09 10:00 – Updated: 2026-10-11 11:42 X_Open Source
VLAI
Title
WordPress Media LIbrary Assistant plugin <= 3.41 - Cross Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability
Summary
Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting') vulnerability in David Lingren Media LIbrary Assistant media-library-assistant allows Stored XSS.This issue affects Media LIbrary Assistant: from n/a through 3.41.
Severity
7.1 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:L
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-11 11:35 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
David Lingren Media LIbrary Assistant Affected: 0 , ≤ 3.41 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-10-03 18:18
Credits
nh4tvd | Patchstack Bug Bounty Program
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-95608 (GCVE-0-2026-95608)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-09 10:00 – Updated: 2026-10-11 11:42 X_Open Source
VLAI
Title
WordPress HUSKY plugin <= 1.4.3.2 - Cross Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability
Summary
Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting') vulnerability in PluginUs.Net HUSKY woocommerce-products-filter allows Reflected XSS.This issue affects HUSKY: from n/a through 1.4.3.2.
Severity
7.1 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:L
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-11 11:35 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
PluginUs.Net HUSKY Affected: 0 , ≤ 1.4.3.2 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-10-02 08:09
Credits
Dthangws | Patchstack Bug Bounty Program
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-95598 (GCVE-0-2026-95598)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-09 10:00 – Updated: 2026-10-09 17:43 X_Open Source
VLAI
Title
WordPress Search in Place plugin <= 1.5.5 - Cross Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability
Summary
Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting') vulnerability in codepeople Search in Place search-in-place allows Reflected XSS.This issue affects Search in Place: from n/a through 1.5.5.
Severity
7.1 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:L
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-09 17:43 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
codepeople Search in Place Affected: 0 , ≤ 1.5.5 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-10-03 18:08
Credits
Nixxies | Patchstack Bug Bounty Program
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-95596 (GCVE-0-2026-95596)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-09 10:00 – Updated: 2026-10-11 11:42 X_Open Source
VLAI
Title
WordPress ShopBuilder – Elementor WooCommerce Builder Addons plugin <= 3.4.1 - Cross Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability
Summary
Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting') vulnerability in Mamunur Rashid ShopBuilder – Elementor WooCommerce Builder Addons shopbuilder allows Reflected XSS.This issue affects ShopBuilder – Elementor WooCommerce Builder Addons: from n/a through 3.4.1.
Severity
7.1 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:L
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-11 11:35 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-10-03 18:07
Credits
neurotx | Patchstack Bug Bounty Program
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-95595 (GCVE-0-2026-95595)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-07 17:03 – Updated: 2026-10-07 19:23 X_Open Source
VLAI
Title
WordPress Disable and Remove Google Fonts | GDPR & DSGVO friendly plugin <= 2.0.2 - Cross Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability
Summary
Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting') vulnerability in Fontsplugin Disable and Remove Google Fonts | GDPR & DSGVO friendly disable-remove-google-fonts allows Reflected XSS. This issue affects Disable and Remove Google Fonts | GDPR & DSGVO friendly: from n/a through 2.0.2.
Severity
7.1 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:L
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-07 19:10 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Fontsplugin Disable and Remove Google Fonts | GDPR & DSGVO friendly Affected: n/a , ≤ 2.0.2 (custom)
    cpe:2.3:a:fontsplugin:disable_and_remove_google_fonts_gdpr_dsgvo_friendly:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
neurotx | Patchstack Bug Bounty Program
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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CVE-2026-95591 (GCVE-0-2026-95591)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-09 10:00 – Updated: 2026-10-09 15:11 X_Open Source
VLAI
Title
WordPress VikBooking Hotel Booking Engine & PMS plugin <= 1.8.14 - Cross Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability
Summary
Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting') vulnerability in e4jvikwp VikBooking Hotel Booking Engine & PMS vikbooking allows Reflected XSS.This issue affects VikBooking Hotel Booking Engine & PMS: from n/a through 1.8.14.
Severity
7.1 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:L
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-09 14:54 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
e4jvikwp VikBooking Hotel Booking Engine & PMS Affected: 0 , ≤ 1.8.14 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-10-03 18:05
Credits
neurotx | Patchstack Bug Bounty Program
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

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            }
          ],
          "value": "Update the WordPress VikBooking Hotel Booking Engine \u0026 PMS plugin to the latest available version (at least 1.8.15)."
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "x_open-source"
      ],
      "title": "WordPress VikBooking Hotel Booking Engine \u0026 PMS plugin \u003c= 1.8.14 - Cross Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability"
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "21595511-bba5-4825-b968-b78d1f9984a3",
    "assignerShortName": "Patchstack",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-95591",
    "datePublished": "2026-10-09T10:00:19.352Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-09-22T09:18:20.379Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-10-09T15:11:17.737Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}
Mitigation MIT-4
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
  • Examples of libraries and frameworks that make it easier to generate properly encoded output include Microsoft's Anti-XSS library, the OWASP ESAPI Encoding module, and Apache Wicket.
Mitigation
Implementation Architecture and Design
  • Understand the context in which your data will be used and the encoding that will be expected. This is especially important when transmitting data between different components, or when generating outputs that can contain multiple encodings at the same time, such as web pages or multi-part mail messages. Study all expected communication protocols and data representations to determine the required encoding strategies.
  • For any data that will be output to another web page, especially any data that was received from external inputs, use the appropriate encoding on all non-alphanumeric characters.
  • Parts of the same output document may require different encodings, which will vary depending on whether the output is in the:
  • etc. Note that HTML Entity Encoding is only appropriate for the HTML body.
  • Consult the XSS Prevention Cheat Sheet [REF-724] for more details on the types of encoding and escaping that are needed.
  • HTML body
  • Element attributes (such as src="XYZ")
  • URIs
  • JavaScript sections
  • Cascading Style Sheets and style property
Mitigation MIT-6
Architecture and Design Implementation

Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction

Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.

Mitigation MIT-15
Architecture and Design

For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.

Mitigation MIT-27
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Parameterization

If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.

Mitigation MIT-30.1
Implementation

Strategy: Output Encoding

  • Use and specify an output encoding that can be handled by the downstream component that is reading the output. Common encodings include ISO-8859-1, UTF-7, and UTF-8. When an encoding is not specified, a downstream component may choose a different encoding, either by assuming a default encoding or automatically inferring which encoding is being used, which can be erroneous. When the encodings are inconsistent, the downstream component might treat some character or byte sequences as special, even if they are not special in the original encoding. Attackers might then be able to exploit this discrepancy and conduct injection attacks; they even might be able to bypass protection mechanisms that assume the original encoding is also being used by the downstream component.
  • The problem of inconsistent output encodings often arises in web pages. If an encoding is not specified in an HTTP header, web browsers often guess about which encoding is being used. This can open up the browser to subtle XSS attacks.
Mitigation MIT-43
Implementation

With Struts, write all data from form beans with the bean's filter attribute set to true.

Mitigation MIT-31
Implementation

Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction

To help mitigate XSS attacks against the user's session cookie, set the session cookie to be HttpOnly. In browsers that support the HttpOnly feature (such as more recent versions of Internet Explorer and Firefox), this attribute can prevent the user's session cookie from being accessible to malicious client-side scripts that use document.cookie. This is not a complete solution, since HttpOnly is not supported by all browsers. More importantly, XmlHttpRequest and other powerful browser technologies provide read access to HTTP headers, including the Set-Cookie header in which the HttpOnly flag is set.

Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

  • Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
  • When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
  • Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
  • When dynamically constructing web pages, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set based on the expected value of the parameter in the request. All input should be validated and cleansed, not just parameters that the user is supposed to specify, but all data in the request, including hidden fields, cookies, headers, the URL itself, and so forth. A common mistake that leads to continuing XSS vulnerabilities is to validate only fields that are expected to be redisplayed by the site. It is common to see data from the request that is reflected by the application server or the application that the development team did not anticipate. Also, a field that is not currently reflected may be used by a future developer. Therefore, validating ALL parts of the HTTP request is recommended.
  • Note that proper output encoding, escaping, and quoting is the most effective solution for preventing XSS, although input validation may provide some defense-in-depth. This is because it effectively limits what will appear in output. Input validation will not always prevent XSS, especially if you are required to support free-form text fields that could contain arbitrary characters. For example, in a chat application, the heart emoticon ("<3") would likely pass the validation step, since it is commonly used. However, it cannot be directly inserted into the web page because it contains the "<" character, which would need to be escaped or otherwise handled. In this case, stripping the "<" might reduce the risk of XSS, but it would produce incorrect behavior because the emoticon would not be recorded. This might seem to be a minor inconvenience, but it would be more important in a mathematical forum that wants to represent inequalities.
  • Even if you make a mistake in your validation (such as forgetting one out of 100 input fields), appropriate encoding is still likely to protect you from injection-based attacks. As long as it is not done in isolation, input validation is still a useful technique, since it may significantly reduce your attack surface, allow you to detect some attacks, and provide other security benefits that proper encoding does not address.
  • Ensure that you perform input validation at well-defined interfaces within the application. This will help protect the application even if a component is reused or moved elsewhere.
Mitigation MIT-21
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion

When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.

Mitigation MIT-29
Operation

Strategy: Firewall

Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].

Mitigation MIT-16
Operation Implementation

Strategy: Environment Hardening

When using PHP, configure the application so that it does not use register_globals. During implementation, develop the application so that it does not rely on this feature, but be wary of implementing a register_globals emulation that is subject to weaknesses such as CWE-95, CWE-621, and similar issues.

CAPEC-209: XSS Using MIME Type Mismatch

An adversary creates a file with scripting content but where the specified MIME type of the file is such that scripting is not expected. The adversary tricks the victim into accessing a URL that responds with the script file. Some browsers will detect that the specified MIME type of the file does not match the actual type of its content and will automatically switch to using an interpreter for the real content type. If the browser does not invoke script filters before doing this, the adversary's script may run on the target unsanitized, possibly revealing the victim's cookies or executing arbitrary script in their browser.

CAPEC-588: DOM-Based XSS

This type of attack is a form of Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) where a malicious script is inserted into the client-side HTML being parsed by a web browser. Content served by a vulnerable web application includes script code used to manipulate the Document Object Model (DOM). This script code either does not properly validate input, or does not perform proper output encoding, thus creating an opportunity for an adversary to inject a malicious script launch a XSS attack. A key distinction between other XSS attacks and DOM-based attacks is that in other XSS attacks, the malicious script runs when the vulnerable web page is initially loaded, while a DOM-based attack executes sometime after the page loads. Another distinction of DOM-based attacks is that in some cases, the malicious script is never sent to the vulnerable web server at all. An attack like this is guaranteed to bypass any server-side filtering attempts to protect users.

CAPEC-591: Reflected XSS

This type of attack is a form of Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) where a malicious script is "reflected" off a vulnerable web application and then executed by a victim's browser. The process starts with an adversary delivering a malicious script to a victim and convincing the victim to send the script to the vulnerable web application.

CAPEC-592: Stored XSS

An adversary utilizes a form of Cross-site Scripting (XSS) where a malicious script is persistently "stored" within the data storage of a vulnerable web application as valid input.

CAPEC-63: Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)

An adversary embeds malicious scripts in content that will be served to web browsers. The goal of the attack is for the target software, the client-side browser, to execute the script with the users' privilege level. An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that are brought on by allowing remote hosts to execute code and scripts. Web browsers, for example, have some simple security controls in place, but if a remote attacker is allowed to execute scripts (through injecting them in to user-generated content like bulletin boards) then these controls may be bypassed. Further, these attacks are very difficult for an end user to detect.

CAPEC-85: AJAX Footprinting

This attack utilizes the frequent client-server roundtrips in Ajax conversation to scan a system. While Ajax does not open up new vulnerabilities per se, it does optimize them from an attacker point of view. A common first step for an attacker is to footprint the target environment to understand what attacks will work. Since footprinting relies on enumeration, the conversational pattern of rapid, multiple requests and responses that are typical in Ajax applications enable an attacker to look for many vulnerabilities, well-known ports, network locations and so on. The knowledge gained through Ajax fingerprinting can be used to support other attacks, such as XSS.

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