Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-79

Allowed

Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')

Abstraction: Base · Status: Stable

The product does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes user-controllable input before it is placed in output that is used as a web page that is served to other users.

26543 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-100193 (GCVE-0-2026-100193)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-14 03:40 – Updated: 2026-10-14 17:51
VLAI
Title
Tutor LMS <= 4.1.0 - Reflected Cross-Site Scripting via 'tab' Parameter
Summary
The Tutor LMS – eLearning and online course solution plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Reflected Cross-Site Scripting via the 'tab' parameter in all versions up to, and including, 4.1.0 due to insufficient input sanitization and output escaping. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to inject arbitrary web scripts in pages that execute if they can successfully trick a user into performing an action such as clicking on a link. Exploitation requires the targeted lesson page to have an empty nav-items array — a condition that occurs naturally when a lesson has no post content, no attachments, and comments are disabled or the viewer is not logged in — which bypasses the in_array() tab validation and allows the raw attacker-controlled value to reach the sink.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-14 17:50 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
Wordfence CNA
Impacted products
Credits
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-100190 (GCVE-0-2026-100190)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-25 13:52 – Updated: 2026-09-25 16:13
VLAI
Title
Stored Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) via Crawler Capture Import in AIL Framework showDomain Page
Summary
The AIL Framework crawler splash domain page (showDomain.html) is vulnerable to stored cross-site script injection (XSS). User-supplied data originating from imported crawler captures—specifically item IDs, URLs, and screenshot file paths—was interpolated directly into inline JavaScript contexts within the HTML template. This included an onclick attribute that embedded raw screenshot and URL values into a JavaScript function call, and an inline script block that assigned a screenshot value to a JavaScript variable without escaping. An attacker with a user-role API client could craft a malicious crawler capture import containing JavaScript payloads in these fields. When any user (including privileged users) subsequently viewed the affected domain page, the injected script would execute in the victim's browser context, potentially allowing session hijacking, data exfiltration, or unauthorized actions on behalf of the victim. The vulnerability is stored in the application's data layer and triggered upon page rendering, requiring no further interaction beyond loading the domain view.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-25 16:13 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input in Web Page ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
CIRCL CNA
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
ail project ail framework Affected: unspecified , < 7.1 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
GCVE extensions
bcp-05-x-01
AI-assisted vulnerability information annotation
GCVE-BCP-05-X-01
Whole record AI-generated Human-reviewed GNA-1

Draft vulnerability metadata was generated from a git-format patch using an Ollama-hosted language model.

ai-computer-assisted:llm-generatedai-computer-assisted:classification
Model Source Identifier
qwen3.8:27b ollama qwen3.8:27b
bcp-05-x-02
Patch-to-vulnerability generation provenance
GCVE-BCP-05-X-02
Generator
patch2vuln.py on 2026-09-25 13:45
Model
qwen3.8:27b
Input
https://github.com/ail-project/ail-framework/commit/31376ee3d04519c898bb9b3671453a41c4117340.patch c110d16dd8ee…
Confidence
medium
Commit Subject Patch SHA-256
31376ee3d045 chg: [security] prevent stored XSS through imported capture c110d16dd8ee…
Fix summary

The fix removes all capture-derived values (item IDs, URLs, screenshot paths) from inline JavaScript contexts (onclick attributes and inline script variable assignments). These values are now stored in HTML data attributes (data-screenshot, data-url, data-item-id), which are properly HTML-escaped by the Jinja2 template engine. Screenshot click handlers are bound programmatically via addEventListener on elements with a .reload-image class, and the reload_image function reads values from the DOM element's dataset rather than receiving raw string parameters. Additionally, item IDs are URL-encoded with encodeURIComponent before being appended to link hrefs, preventing injection through the ID field.

Patch summary

In showDomain.html: (1) Replaced inline onclick="reload_image('...')" with a data-attribute-based approach using data-screenshot, data-url, and data-item-id attributes on the table cell element, plus a .reload-image CSS class. (2) Removed the inline script block that assigned screenshot, URL, and ID values directly into JavaScript variables via Jinja2 interpolation; replaced with dataset reads from the domain_screenshot img element. (3) Changed reload_image() to accept a DOM element and read values from element.dataset instead of raw string arguments. (4) Added a programmatic event binding loop using document.querySelectorAll('.reload-image').forEach() with addEventListener('click'). (5) Applied encodeURIComponent() to item IDs when constructing screenshot link hrefs. (6) Changed the href URL construction to use url_for with keyword arguments instead of string interpolation.

CVSS rationale

AV:N: Exploitable over the network via the web application. AC:L: No special race conditions or complex setup; a crafted capture import suffices. AT:N: No manipulation of the attack target required. PR:L: Requires a user-role API client to import a malicious crawler capture (authenticated, low privilege). UI:P: The stored XSS in the inline script block executes passively when the victim loads the domain page; no click or active interaction is needed for the inline script vector. VC:N/VI:N/VA:N: The vulnerable component (server-side application) is not directly compromised in confidentiality, integrity, or availability. SC:H: Scope changes to the victim's browser session, enabling theft of session tokens, cookies, and sensitive data. SI:H: Scope integrity is impacted as the attacker can perform arbitrary actions in the victim's authenticated session. SA:N: No meaningful impact on the availability of the attacker's scope.

Weakness rationale
  • CWE-79 The patch explicitly addresses stored XSS by removing user-controlled values (screenshot paths, URLs, item IDs from crawler capture imports) from inline JavaScript contexts and replacing them with properly escaped data attributes and programmatic event binding. The commit message confirms the intent: 'prevent stored XSS through imported capture metadata in showDomain.'
Attack pattern rationale
  • CAPEC-1 The patch directly remediates a stored XSS vector where attacker-controlled data from a crawler capture import is reflected into inline JavaScript without neutralization. CAPEC-1 is the canonical attack pattern for XSS. The specific sub-variant is stored (persistent) XSS via a data import mechanism, but CAPEC-1 is the closest and most appropriate mapping available in the CAPEC catalog.
Assumptions to verify
  • The UI:P (Passive) rating assumes the inline script vector (screenshot variable assignment) executes on page load without requiring a user click. The onclick vector would require UI:A, but the inline script vector is sufficient for exploitation.
  • PR:L assumes the attacker needs a user-role API client to import a crafted crawler capture, as stated in the commit message. The exact privilege level and authentication mechanism are not further specified in the patch.
  • The version boundary 'less_than 7.1' is inferred from the tag_version_boundary metadata showing 21 commits after the fix before the v7.1 tag, suggesting the fix is included in v7.1. Exact affected version ranges are not confirmed.
  • CAPEC-1 is selected as the closest available attack pattern for stored XSS; no more specific CAPEC for stored XSS via data import exists in the catalog.
  • The patch does not include test cases or additional context about whether other template files have similar inline JavaScript interpolation patterns; this advisory covers only the single file in the patch.
Model comparison

Selected qwen3.8:27b by deterministic-consensus-v1
The selected result is closest to model consensus; this heuristic does not establish factual correctness and human review remains required.

Model Score Agreement Confidence Assumptions
qwen3.8:27b 5 9 medium 5
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-100186 (GCVE-0-2026-100186)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-16 05:30 – Updated: 2026-10-16 14:39
VLAI
Title
User Profile Builder <= 4.0.3 - Unauthenticated Stored Cross-Site Scripting via First Name Field
Summary
The User Profile Builder – Beautiful User Registration Forms, User Profiles & User Role Editor plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Stored Cross-Site Scripting via First Name Field in all versions up to, and including, 4.0.3 due to insufficient input sanitization and output escaping. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to inject arbitrary web scripts in pages that will execute whenever a user accesses an injected page. This vulnerability is only exploitable when the Email Confirmation feature is enabled in Profile Builder.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-16 14:34 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
Wordfence CNA
Credits
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-100185 (GCVE-0-2026-100185)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-14 03:40 – Updated: 2026-10-15 16:43
VLAI
Title
Directorist: AI-Powered Business Directory, Listings & Classified Ads <= 8.10.2.1 - Authenticated (Subscriber+) Stored Cross-Site Scripting via 'phone' Listing Field
Summary
The Directorist: AI-Powered Business Directory, Listings & Classified Ads plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Stored Cross-Site Scripting via 'phone' Listing Field in all versions up to, and including, 8.10.2.1 due to insufficient input sanitization and output escaping. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with subscriber-level access and above, to inject arbitrary web scripts in pages that will execute whenever a user accesses an injected page. This is possible because the plugin grants the edit_at_biz_dirs and publish_at_biz_dirs capabilities to the subscriber role, allowing any subscriber-level user to submit and publish listings without moderation.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-15 10:47 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
Wordfence CNA
Impacted products
Credits
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-100184 (GCVE-0-2026-100184)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-01 08:28 – Updated: 2026-10-03 15:42
VLAI
Title
Calculated Fields Form <= 5.5.1.3 - Reflected DOM-Based Cross-Site Scripting via 'x' URL Query Parameter via Text Area Predefined Value
Summary
The Calculated Fields Form – AI Form Builder for WordPress – Contact, Payment, Quote, Quiz & More plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Reflected DOM-Based Cross-Site Scripting via the 'x (attacker-chosen name matching the form's url.<name> predefined value)' parameter in all versions up to, and including, 5.5.1.3 due to insufficient input sanitization and output escaping. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to inject arbitrary web scripts in pages that execute if they can successfully trick a user into performing an action such as clicking on a link. Exploitation requires that the targeted form has a Text Area field configured with a 'url.<name>' Predefined Value and predefinedClick disabled, which is a documented and commonly used plugin feature.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-03 15:35 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
Wordfence CNA
Credits
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-100182 (GCVE-0-2026-100182)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-02 07:39 – Updated: 2026-10-02 18:02
VLAI
Title
Download Monitor <= 5.2.10 - Unauthenticated Stored Cross-Site Scripting via Cross-Origin postMessage to Admin Editor
Summary
The Download Monitor plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Stored Cross-Site Scripting via Cross-Origin postMessage to Admin Editor in all versions up to, and including, 5.2.10 due to insufficient input sanitization and output escaping. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to inject arbitrary web scripts in pages that will execute whenever a user accesses an injected page. This requires the attacker to trick an authenticated Administrator into visiting an attacker-controlled page that targets an open Download edit screen, after which the payload is persisted unfiltered via the Administrator's unfiltered_html capability and later emitted verbatim to the frontend by the [download_data] shortcode's unescaped post_content render path.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-02 18:01 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
Wordfence CNA
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
wpchill Download Monitor Affected: 0 , ≤ 5.2.10 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-100180 (GCVE-0-2026-100180)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-03 02:25 – Updated: 2026-10-03 15:42
VLAI
Title
Jeg Kit for Elementor <= 3.2.19 - Unauthenticated Stored Cross-Site Scripting via Comment
Summary
The Jeg Kit for Elementor – Powerful Addons for Elementor, Widgets & Templates for WordPress plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Stored Cross-Site Scripting via Comment in all versions up to, and including, 3.2.19 due to insufficient input sanitization and output escaping. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to inject arbitrary web scripts in pages that will execute whenever a user accesses an injected page. Immediate persistence without moderator approval is possible when the attacker submits from an email address with at least one previously approved comment, though the widened allowlist bypasses sanitization regardless of approval status.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-03 15:36 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
Wordfence CNA
Credits
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-100179 (GCVE-0-2026-100179)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-01 08:28 – Updated: 2026-10-01 14:07
VLAI
Title
Calculated Fields Form <= 5.5.1.3 - Reflected DOM-Based Cross-Site Scripting via 'x' URL Parameter via setChoices()
Summary
The Calculated Fields Form – AI Form Builder for WordPress – Contact, Payment, Quote, Quiz & More plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Reflected DOM-Based Cross-Site Scripting via the 'x (any URL parameter consumed by the form's calculated equation)' parameter in all versions up to, and including, 5.5.1.3 due to insufficient input sanitization and output escaping. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to inject arbitrary web scripts in pages that execute if they can successfully trick a user into performing an action such as clicking on a link. Exploitation requires the target site to have a public form configured with a Select2-enabled dropdown whose choices are populated via a calculated equation that pipes a URL parameter through GETURLPARAMETER() into setChoices({texts:[...]}); given that configuration, exploitation requires only a single crafted link.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-01 14:06 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
Wordfence CNA
Credits
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-100178 (GCVE-0-2026-100178)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-10 07:41 – Updated: 2026-10-11 12:13
VLAI
Title
WPAdverts <= 2.3.4 - Unauthenticated Stored Cross-Site Scripting via 'adverts_location' Parameter
Summary
The WPAdverts – Classifieds Plugin plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Stored Cross-Site Scripting via the 'adverts_location' parameter in all versions up to, and including, 2.3.4 due to insufficient input sanitization and output escaping. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to inject arbitrary web scripts in pages that will execute whenever a user accesses an injected page.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-11 12:11 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
Wordfence CNA
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
gwin WPAdverts – Classifieds Plugin Affected: 0 , ≤ 2.3.4 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-100176 (GCVE-0-2026-100176)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-25 13:29 – Updated: 2026-09-25 14:59
VLAI
Title
Stored Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) in AIL Framework Username Timeline Tooltip
Summary
The AIL Framework's username timeline feature is vulnerable to stored cross-site scripting (XSS). Usernames imported from chats and crawled forums are stored without character restrictions. When an authenticated analyst views the username timeline, the application renders these stored usernames into the DOM using D3's html() method in the tooltip. Because the username value (d.obj) is interpolated directly into an HTML string without sanitization, a crafted username containing HTML event handlers (e.g., <img src=x onerror=alert(1)>) will execute arbitrary JavaScript in the analyst's browser when the analyst hovers over the corresponding timeline entry. The attack requires the victim to be an authenticated analyst with access to the timeline view and to interact with the malicious timeline entry (hover). Successful exploitation can lead to session hijacking, data exfiltration, or unauthorized actions performed within the analyst's authenticated session. The vulnerability resides in the client-side JavaScript file var/www/static/js/d3/timeline_basic.js.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-25 14:56 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
CIRCL CNA
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
ail project ail framework Affected: unspecified , < 7.1 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
GCVE extensions
bcp-05-x-01
AI-assisted vulnerability information annotation
GCVE-BCP-05-X-01
Whole record AI-generated Not human-reviewed GNA-1

Draft vulnerability metadata was generated from a git-format patch using an Ollama-hosted language model. Human validation is required before publication.

ai-computer-assisted:llm-generatedai-computer-assisted:classification
Model Source Identifier
qwen3.8:27b ollama qwen3.8:27b
bcp-05-x-02
Patch-to-vulnerability generation provenance
GCVE-BCP-05-X-02
Generator
patch2vuln.py on 2026-09-25 13:24
Model
qwen3.8:27b
Input
https://github.com/ail-project/ail-framework/commit/455dd92c4179c53204368d93681ded4b57e31643.patch 36262636a3a7…
Confidence
medium
Commit Subject Patch SHA-256
455dd92c4179 chg: [security] fix XSS in username timeline tooltip. 36262636a3a7…
Fix summary

The fix applies the existing sanitize_text() helper to the user-controlled username value (d.obj) immediately before it is interpolated into the D3 tooltip HTML string. This ensures that any HTML or script content embedded in the stored username is neutralized before DOM insertion, preventing script execution while preserving the tooltip's intended formatting (line breaks and date/time display).

Patch summary

In var/www/static/js/d3/timeline_basic.js, the single line constructing the tooltip HTML was changed from tooltip.html(`${d.obj}<br>...`) to tooltip.html(`${sanitize_text(d.obj)}<br>...`). The only modification is wrapping the untrusted d.obj variable with the sanitize_text() function call at the HTML sink, leaving the rest of the tooltip template (br tags, date formatting) unchanged.

CVSS rationale

AV:N: The vulnerability is in a web application accessible over the network. AC:L: The attacker only needs to craft a username with HTML/JS in a chat or forum that gets crawled; no race conditions or complex conditions are needed. AT:N: No attack on the target system is required; the malicious username is stored as part of normal data import. PR:N: The attacker does not need any account or privilege on the AIL Framework; they only need to be a user in a source chat/forum. UI:A: The victim (analyst) must actively hover over the specific timeline entry to trigger script execution. VC:H: XSS in an authenticated analyst session can expose sensitive intelligence data, session tokens, and credentials. VI:H: The attacker can perform actions as the analyst, modify data, or exfiltrate information. VA:N: No impact on availability. SC/SI/SA:N: No subsequent system impact is evidenced.

Weakness rationale
  • CWE-79 The patch inserts a user-controlled value (username from imported chats/forums) into an HTML context via D3's html() method without sanitization. The fix adds sanitize_text() at the sink, confirming the root cause is missing output encoding/neutralization of untrusted data in an HTML context, which is the definition of CWE-79 (stored XSS variant).
Attack pattern rationale
  • CAPEC-1 CAPEC-1 describes the general pattern of injecting client-side scripts into web pages via untrusted input. The patch evidence shows a stored username (untrusted input from chats/forums) being rendered into an HTML tooltip without sanitization, matching the stored-XSS sub-pattern of CAPEC-1. This is the closest and most direct CAPEC mapping for an XSS vulnerability where attacker-controlled data is persisted and later rendered in a victim's browser.
Assumptions to verify
  • The UI:A (Active) user interaction metric assumes the analyst must deliberately hover over the specific timeline entry to trigger the XSS; passive rendering without hover is not evidenced in the patch.
  • The affected version boundary is inferred from the tag_version_boundary metadata (v7.1, 29 commits after fix); the exact last affected and first fixed version numbers are not explicitly stated in the patch.
  • PR:N assumes the attacker does not need an account on the AIL Framework itself, only a presence in a crawled chat or forum source; if the platform requires the attacker to be a registered user to have their username crawled, PR:L might be more appropriate.
  • The CAPEC-1 mapping is the closest available pattern for stored XSS; no more specific CAPEC ID for 'stored XSS via imported data rendered in a tooltip' exists in the CAPEC catalog.
  • The sanitize_text() helper is assumed to perform adequate HTML entity encoding or equivalent neutralization; its implementation is not shown in the patch.
  • VC:H and VI:H reflect the sensitivity of an intelligence-analysis platform where an authenticated analyst session may contain classified or highly sensitive data; if the deployment context is less sensitive, lower impact ratings could apply.
Model comparison

Selected qwen3.8:27b by deterministic-consensus-v1
The selected result is closest to model consensus; this heuristic does not establish factual correctness and human review remains required.

Model Score Agreement Confidence Assumptions
qwen3.8:27b 4 9 medium 6
Show details on NVD website

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Mitigation MIT-4
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

  • Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
  • Examples of libraries and frameworks that make it easier to generate properly encoded output include Microsoft's Anti-XSS library, the OWASP ESAPI Encoding module, and Apache Wicket.
Mitigation
Implementation Architecture and Design
  • Understand the context in which your data will be used and the encoding that will be expected. This is especially important when transmitting data between different components, or when generating outputs that can contain multiple encodings at the same time, such as web pages or multi-part mail messages. Study all expected communication protocols and data representations to determine the required encoding strategies.
  • For any data that will be output to another web page, especially any data that was received from external inputs, use the appropriate encoding on all non-alphanumeric characters.
  • Parts of the same output document may require different encodings, which will vary depending on whether the output is in the:
  • etc. Note that HTML Entity Encoding is only appropriate for the HTML body.
  • Consult the XSS Prevention Cheat Sheet [REF-724] for more details on the types of encoding and escaping that are needed.
  • HTML body
  • Element attributes (such as src="XYZ")
  • URIs
  • JavaScript sections
  • Cascading Style Sheets and style property
Mitigation MIT-6
Architecture and Design Implementation

Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction

Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.

Mitigation MIT-15
Architecture and Design

For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.

Mitigation MIT-27
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Parameterization

If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.

Mitigation MIT-30.1
Implementation

Strategy: Output Encoding

  • Use and specify an output encoding that can be handled by the downstream component that is reading the output. Common encodings include ISO-8859-1, UTF-7, and UTF-8. When an encoding is not specified, a downstream component may choose a different encoding, either by assuming a default encoding or automatically inferring which encoding is being used, which can be erroneous. When the encodings are inconsistent, the downstream component might treat some character or byte sequences as special, even if they are not special in the original encoding. Attackers might then be able to exploit this discrepancy and conduct injection attacks; they even might be able to bypass protection mechanisms that assume the original encoding is also being used by the downstream component.
  • The problem of inconsistent output encodings often arises in web pages. If an encoding is not specified in an HTTP header, web browsers often guess about which encoding is being used. This can open up the browser to subtle XSS attacks.
Mitigation MIT-43
Implementation

With Struts, write all data from form beans with the bean's filter attribute set to true.

Mitigation MIT-31
Implementation

Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction

To help mitigate XSS attacks against the user's session cookie, set the session cookie to be HttpOnly. In browsers that support the HttpOnly feature (such as more recent versions of Internet Explorer and Firefox), this attribute can prevent the user's session cookie from being accessible to malicious client-side scripts that use document.cookie. This is not a complete solution, since HttpOnly is not supported by all browsers. More importantly, XmlHttpRequest and other powerful browser technologies provide read access to HTTP headers, including the Set-Cookie header in which the HttpOnly flag is set.

Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

  • Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
  • When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
  • Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
  • When dynamically constructing web pages, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set based on the expected value of the parameter in the request. All input should be validated and cleansed, not just parameters that the user is supposed to specify, but all data in the request, including hidden fields, cookies, headers, the URL itself, and so forth. A common mistake that leads to continuing XSS vulnerabilities is to validate only fields that are expected to be redisplayed by the site. It is common to see data from the request that is reflected by the application server or the application that the development team did not anticipate. Also, a field that is not currently reflected may be used by a future developer. Therefore, validating ALL parts of the HTTP request is recommended.
  • Note that proper output encoding, escaping, and quoting is the most effective solution for preventing XSS, although input validation may provide some defense-in-depth. This is because it effectively limits what will appear in output. Input validation will not always prevent XSS, especially if you are required to support free-form text fields that could contain arbitrary characters. For example, in a chat application, the heart emoticon ("<3") would likely pass the validation step, since it is commonly used. However, it cannot be directly inserted into the web page because it contains the "<" character, which would need to be escaped or otherwise handled. In this case, stripping the "<" might reduce the risk of XSS, but it would produce incorrect behavior because the emoticon would not be recorded. This might seem to be a minor inconvenience, but it would be more important in a mathematical forum that wants to represent inequalities.
  • Even if you make a mistake in your validation (such as forgetting one out of 100 input fields), appropriate encoding is still likely to protect you from injection-based attacks. As long as it is not done in isolation, input validation is still a useful technique, since it may significantly reduce your attack surface, allow you to detect some attacks, and provide other security benefits that proper encoding does not address.
  • Ensure that you perform input validation at well-defined interfaces within the application. This will help protect the application even if a component is reused or moved elsewhere.
Mitigation MIT-21
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion

When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.

Mitigation MIT-29
Operation

Strategy: Firewall

Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].

Mitigation MIT-16
Operation Implementation

Strategy: Environment Hardening

When using PHP, configure the application so that it does not use register_globals. During implementation, develop the application so that it does not rely on this feature, but be wary of implementing a register_globals emulation that is subject to weaknesses such as CWE-95, CWE-621, and similar issues.

CAPEC-209: XSS Using MIME Type Mismatch

An adversary creates a file with scripting content but where the specified MIME type of the file is such that scripting is not expected. The adversary tricks the victim into accessing a URL that responds with the script file. Some browsers will detect that the specified MIME type of the file does not match the actual type of its content and will automatically switch to using an interpreter for the real content type. If the browser does not invoke script filters before doing this, the adversary's script may run on the target unsanitized, possibly revealing the victim's cookies or executing arbitrary script in their browser.

CAPEC-588: DOM-Based XSS

This type of attack is a form of Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) where a malicious script is inserted into the client-side HTML being parsed by a web browser. Content served by a vulnerable web application includes script code used to manipulate the Document Object Model (DOM). This script code either does not properly validate input, or does not perform proper output encoding, thus creating an opportunity for an adversary to inject a malicious script launch a XSS attack. A key distinction between other XSS attacks and DOM-based attacks is that in other XSS attacks, the malicious script runs when the vulnerable web page is initially loaded, while a DOM-based attack executes sometime after the page loads. Another distinction of DOM-based attacks is that in some cases, the malicious script is never sent to the vulnerable web server at all. An attack like this is guaranteed to bypass any server-side filtering attempts to protect users.

CAPEC-591: Reflected XSS

This type of attack is a form of Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) where a malicious script is "reflected" off a vulnerable web application and then executed by a victim's browser. The process starts with an adversary delivering a malicious script to a victim and convincing the victim to send the script to the vulnerable web application.

CAPEC-592: Stored XSS

An adversary utilizes a form of Cross-site Scripting (XSS) where a malicious script is persistently "stored" within the data storage of a vulnerable web application as valid input.

CAPEC-63: Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)

An adversary embeds malicious scripts in content that will be served to web browsers. The goal of the attack is for the target software, the client-side browser, to execute the script with the users' privilege level. An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that are brought on by allowing remote hosts to execute code and scripts. Web browsers, for example, have some simple security controls in place, but if a remote attacker is allowed to execute scripts (through injecting them in to user-generated content like bulletin boards) then these controls may be bypassed. Further, these attacks are very difficult for an end user to detect.

CAPEC-85: AJAX Footprinting

This attack utilizes the frequent client-server roundtrips in Ajax conversation to scan a system. While Ajax does not open up new vulnerabilities per se, it does optimize them from an attacker point of view. A common first step for an attacker is to footprint the target environment to understand what attacks will work. Since footprinting relies on enumeration, the conversational pattern of rapid, multiple requests and responses that are typical in Ajax applications enable an attacker to look for many vulnerabilities, well-known ports, network locations and so on. The knowledge gained through Ajax fingerprinting can be used to support other attacks, such as XSS.