Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-22

Allowed-with-Review

Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')

Abstraction: Base · Status: Stable

The product uses external input to construct a pathname that is intended to identify a file or directory that is located underneath a restricted parent directory, but the product does not properly neutralize special elements within the pathname that can cause the pathname to resolve to a location that is outside of the restricted directory.

5587 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-17602 (GCVE-0-2026-17602)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-25 07:40 – Updated: 2026-09-25 13:00
VLAI
Title
SSL Zen <= 4.7.42 - Authenticated (Administrator+) Path Traversal to Arbitrary File Read via 'file_name' Parameter
Summary
The SSL Zen — SSL Certificate Installer & HTTPS Redirects plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Directory Traversal in all versions up to, and including, 4.7.42 via the 'file_name' parameter parameter. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with administrator-level access and above, to read the contents of arbitrary files on the server, which can contain sensitive information.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-25 12:50 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
Wordfence CNA
Impacted products
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-17556 (GCVE-0-2026-17556)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-05 20:05 – Updated: 2026-08-06 13:11
VLAI
Title
Path traversal in GitHub Enterprise Server allowed unauthenticated deletion of instance storage via the X-GitHub-Request-Id header
Summary
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SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-06 13:10 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
GitHub_P CNA
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
GitHub Enterprise Server Affected: 3.17.0 , ≤ 3.17.18 (semver)
Affected: 3.18.0 , ≤ 3.18.12 (semver)
Affected: 3.19.0 , ≤ 3.19.9 (semver)
Affected: 3.20.0 , ≤ 3.20.5 (semver)
Affected: 3.21.0 , ≤ 3.21.3 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-17514 (GCVE-0-2026-17514)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-27 13:15 – Updated: 2026-07-27 13:48
VLAI
Title
ZJONSSON node-unzipper extract.js Extract path traversal
Summary
A vulnerability was determined in ZJONSSON node-unzipper up to 0.12.3. Affected by this vulnerability is the function Extract of the file lib/extract.js. This manipulation causes path traversal. The attack requires local access. The exploit has been publicly disclosed and may be utilized. The project was informed of the problem early through an issue report but has not responded yet.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-27 13:48 UTC
CWE
Assigner
VulDB CNA
References
URL Tags
https://vuldb.com/vuln/383384 vdb-entrytechnical-description
https://vuldb.com/vuln/383384/cti signaturepermissions-required
https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-17514 third-party-advisory
https://vuldb.com/submit/862473 third-party-advisory
https://github.com/ZJONSSON/node-unzipper/issues/357 exploitissue-tracking
https://github.com/ZJONSSON/node-unzipper/ product
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
ZJONSSON node-unzipper Affected: 0.12.0
Affected: 0.12.1
Affected: 0.12.2
Affected: 0.12.3
    cpe:2.3:a:zjonsson:node-unzipper:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-17473 (GCVE-0-2026-17473)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-13 20:37 – Updated: 2026-08-14 16:35
VLAI
Title
IBM Documentation Offline is vulnerable to information disclosure, session forgery and remote code execution
Summary
IBM Documentation Offline 1.0.0 through 1.4.1 could allow a remote attacker to read arbitrary files due to improper limitation of a pathname to a restricted directory.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-14 16:35 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
ibm CNA
References
URL Tags
https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7283484 vendor-advisorypatch
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
IBM Documentation Offline Affected: 1.0.0 , ≤ 1.4.1 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:documentation_offline:1.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:documentation_offline:1.4.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-17466 (GCVE-0-2026-17466)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-08 17:51 – Updated: 2026-11-09 20:07
VLAI
Title
IBM Optim Test Data Management 1.0.0, 1.1.0, and 1.2.0 impacted by Path Traversal, Rate Limiting, and Weak Password Policy vulnerabilities
Summary
IBM Optim 1.0.0, 1.1.0, and 1.2.0 could allow a remote authenticated attacker to obtain sensitive information due to path traversal.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-09 20:07 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
ibm CNA
References
URL Tags
https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7289719 vendor-advisorypatch
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
IBM Optim Affected: 1.0.0
Affected: 1.1.0
Affected: 1.2.0
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:optim:1.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:optim:1.1.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:optim:1.2.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-17437 (GCVE-0-2026-17437)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-08 17:51 – Updated: 2026-11-10 16:05
VLAI
Title
IBM App Connect Enterprise is vulnerable to an arbitrary file write
Summary
IBM App Connect Enterprise 13.0.1.0 through 13.0.8.2, and 12.0.1.0 through 12.0.12.29 could allow a local attacker to perform an arbitrary file write due to improper validation of pathnames during archive extraction.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-10 16:05 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
ibm CNA
References
URL Tags
https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7293001 vendor-advisorypatch
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
IBM App Connect Enterprise Affected: 13.0.1.0 , ≤ 13.0.8.2 (semver)
Affected: 12.0.1.0 , ≤ 12.0.12.29 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:app_connect_enterprise:13.0.1.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:app_connect_enterprise:12.0.1.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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}

CVE-2026-17424 (GCVE-0-2026-17424)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-20 21:59 – Updated: 2026-08-21 15:30
VLAI
Title
Vulnerabilities in IBM AIX and PowerVM VIOS
Summary
IBM AIX 7.2, and 7.3 and IBM PowerVM VIOS 4.1 could allow a remote attacker to bypass security restrictions due to improper limitation of a pathname to a restricted directory.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-21 15:23 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
Assigner
ibm CNA
References
URL Tags
https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7283858 vendor-advisorypatch
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
IBM AIX Affected: 7.2
Affected: 7.3
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:aix:7.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:aix:7.2.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:aix:7.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:aix:7.3.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
IBM PowerVM VIOS Affected: 4.1
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:powervm_vios:4.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:powervm_vios:4.1.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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On AIX, Live Update can be used to avoid a reboot.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u00a0IBM has assigned the following AIX Service Packs (SPs) and VIOS Fix Packs (FPs) as the remediation levels for the published vulnerabilities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\u003ccolgroup\u003e\u003ccol/\u003e\u003ccol/\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAIX Level\u00a0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eService Pack\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eAIX 7.3 TL04\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eSP2\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eAIX 7.3 TL03\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eSP3\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eAIX 7.3 TL02\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eSP5\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eAIX 7.2 TL05\u00a0\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eSP13\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\u003ccolgroup\u003e\u003ccol/\u003e\u003ccol/\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePowerVM VIOS Level\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFix Pack\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eVIOS 4.1.2\u00a0\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e4.1.2.20\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eVIOS 4.1.1\u00a0\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e4.1.1.30\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eVIOS 4.1.0\u00a0\u00a0\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e4.1.0.50\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNote:\u003c/strong\u003e These SPs/FPs are cumulative and include fixes for all previously published AIX/VIOS security vulnerabilities. They can be applied on top of any earlier affected level of the TL .\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNote:\u003c/strong\u003e To apply these patches using nimsh secure, special steps must be taken as the protocol between master and client is updated to be more secure. Please read this article:\u003cbr/\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7283157\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttps://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7283157\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNote:\u003c/strong\u003e For VIOS 4.1.0 and VIOS 4.1.1, additional steps are required to migrate to the latest Postgres15 after applying the 4.1.1.30 or 4.1.0.50 FPs above. Instructions to do that can be found here:\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 4.1.0.50 post-update instructions: \u003ca href=\"https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7283819\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttps://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7283819\u003c/a\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 4.1.1.30 post-update instructions: \u003ca href=\"https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7283823\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttps://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7283823\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"
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          "value": "A.\u00a0 APARS\n\n\n\nIBM has assigned the following APARs to this problem:\n\nAIX LevelAPARAvailability\u00a0\u00a0SPKEY7.2.5IJ5956608/14/2026SP13key_w_apar7.3.2IJ5956508/14/2026SP05key_w_apar7.3.3IJ5956408/14/2026SP03key_w_apar7.3.4IJ59563\u00a008/14/2026SP02key_w_apar\n\n\n\n\n\nVIOS LevelAPARAvailability\u00a0SPKEY4.1.0IJ5956508/14/20264.1.0.50key_w_apar4.1.1IJ5956408/14/20264.1.1.30key_w_apar4.1.2IJ5956308/14/20264.1.2.20key_w_apar\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nB.\u00a0 FIXES\n\n\n\nIBM strongly recommends addressing the vulnerability now.\n\n\n\n\u00a0AIX and VIOS fixes are available and can be downloaded from Fix Central:  https://www.ibm.com/support/fixcentral \n\n\n\n\u00a0An LPAR reboot is required to complete the SP/FP update. On AIX, Live Update can be used to avoid a reboot.\n\n\n\n\u00a0IBM has assigned the following AIX Service Packs (SPs) and VIOS Fix Packs (FPs) as the remediation levels for the published vulnerabilities.\n\nAIX Level\u00a0Service PackAIX 7.3 TL04SP2AIX 7.3 TL03SP3AIX 7.3 TL02SP5AIX 7.2 TL05\u00a0SP13\n\n\n\n\n\nPowerVM VIOS LevelFix PackVIOS 4.1.2\u00a04.1.2.20VIOS 4.1.1\u00a04.1.1.30VIOS 4.1.0\u00a0\u00a04.1.0.50\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNote: These SPs/FPs are cumulative and include fixes for all previously published AIX/VIOS security vulnerabilities. They can be applied on top of any earlier affected level of the TL .\n\n\n\nNote: To apply these patches using nimsh secure, special steps must be taken as the protocol between master and client is updated to be more secure. Please read this article:\n https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7283157 \n\n\n\nNote: For VIOS 4.1.0 and VIOS 4.1.1, additional steps are required to migrate to the latest Postgres15 after applying the 4.1.1.30 or 4.1.0.50 FPs above. Instructions to do that can be found here:\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\n\n\n\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 4.1.0.50 post-update instructions:  https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7283819 \n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 4.1.1.30 post-update instructions:  https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7283823"
        }
      ],
      "title": "Vulnerabilities in IBM AIX and PowerVM VIOS"
    }
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    "cveId": "CVE-2026-17424",
    "datePublished": "2026-08-20T21:59:00.629Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-07-25T06:06:13.590Z",
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CVE-2026-17382 (GCVE-0-2026-17382)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-07 04:34 – Updated: 2026-11-07 04:34
VLAI
Title
Multiple Vulnerabilities in IBM API Connect
Summary
IBM API Connect 10.0.8.0 through 10.0.8.12 and 12.1.0.0 through 12.1.1.2 could allow a remote authenticated attacker to obtain sensitive information due to a path traversal vulnerability.
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory
Assigner
ibm CNA
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
IBM API Connect Affected: 12.1.0.0 , ≤ 12.1.1.2 (semver)
Affected: 10.0.8.0 , ≤ 10.0.8.12 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:api_connect:12.1.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:api_connect:12.1.1.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:api_connect:10.0.8.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:api_connect:10.0.8.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
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            "baseScore": 8.5,
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CVE-2026-17380 (GCVE-0-2026-17380)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-07 04:34 – Updated: 2026-11-11 03:53
VLAI
Title
Multiple Vulnerabilities in IBM API Connect
Summary
IBM API Connect 10.0.8.0 through 10.0.8.12 and 12.1.0.0 through 12.1.1.2 could allow a remote authenticated attacker to access sensitive information belonging to other tenants due to improper validation of a path parameter. A path value in a request is not sufficiently validated, which could allow a user to reach data outside their own tenant.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-11 03:53 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory
Assigner
ibm CNA
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
IBM API Connect Affected: 12.1.0.0 , ≤ 12.1.1.2 (semver)
Affected: 10.0.8.0 , ≤ 10.0.8.12 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:api_connect:12.1.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:api_connect:12.1.1.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:api_connect:10.0.8.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:api_connect:10.0.8.12:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-17354 (GCVE-0-2026-17354)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-07 04:33 – Updated: 2026-11-09 14:28
VLAI
Title
Multiple Vulnerabilities in IBM API Connect
Summary
IBM API Connect 12.1.0.0 through 12.1.1.2 could allow a remote authenticated attacker to perform arbitrary file writes due to path traversal.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-09 14:28 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-22 - Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory
Assigner
ibm CNA
References
URL Tags
https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/node/7295635 vendor-advisorypatch
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
IBM API Connect Affected: 12.1.0.0 , ≤ 12.1.1.2 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:api_connect:12.1.0.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
    cpe:2.3:a:ibm:api_connect:12.1.1.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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Mitigation MIT-5.1
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

  • Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
  • When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
  • Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
  • When validating filenames, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set to be used. If feasible, only allow a single "." character in the filename to avoid weaknesses such as CWE-23, and exclude directory separators such as "/" to avoid CWE-36. Use a list of allowable file extensions, which will help to avoid CWE-434.
  • Do not rely exclusively on a filtering mechanism that removes potentially dangerous characters. This is equivalent to a denylist, which may be incomplete (CWE-184). For example, filtering "/" is insufficient protection if the filesystem also supports the use of "\" as a directory separator. Another possible error could occur when the filtering is applied in a way that still produces dangerous data (CWE-182). For example, if "../" sequences are removed from the ".../...//" string in a sequential fashion, two instances of "../" would be removed from the original string, but the remaining characters would still form the "../" string.
Mitigation MIT-15
Architecture and Design

For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.

Mitigation MIT-20.1
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

  • Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180). Make sure that the application does not decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist validation schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked.
  • Use a built-in path canonicalization function (such as realpath() in C) that produces the canonical version of the pathname, which effectively removes ".." sequences and symbolic links (CWE-23, CWE-59). This includes:
  • realpath() in C
  • getCanonicalPath() in Java
  • GetFullPath() in ASP.NET
  • realpath() or abs_path() in Perl
  • realpath() in PHP
Mitigation MIT-4
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].

Mitigation MIT-29
Operation

Strategy: Firewall

Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].

Mitigation MIT-17
Architecture and Design Operation

Strategy: Environment Hardening

Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.

Mitigation MIT-21.1
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion

  • When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
  • For example, ID 1 could map to "inbox.txt" and ID 2 could map to "profile.txt". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-185] provide this capability.
Mitigation MIT-22
Architecture and Design Operation

Strategy: Sandbox or Jail

  • Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
  • OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
  • This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
  • Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
Mitigation MIT-34
Architecture and Design Operation

Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction

  • Store library, include, and utility files outside of the web document root, if possible. Otherwise, store them in a separate directory and use the web server's access control capabilities to prevent attackers from directly requesting them. One common practice is to define a fixed constant in each calling program, then check for the existence of the constant in the library/include file; if the constant does not exist, then the file was directly requested, and it can exit immediately.
  • This significantly reduces the chance of an attacker being able to bypass any protection mechanisms that are in the base program but not in the include files. It will also reduce the attack surface.
Mitigation MIT-39
Implementation
  • Ensure that error messages only contain minimal details that are useful to the intended audience and no one else. The messages need to strike the balance between being too cryptic (which can confuse users) or being too detailed (which may reveal more than intended). The messages should not reveal the methods that were used to determine the error. Attackers can use detailed information to refine or optimize their original attack, thereby increasing their chances of success.
  • If errors must be captured in some detail, record them in log messages, but consider what could occur if the log messages can be viewed by attackers. Highly sensitive information such as passwords should never be saved to log files.
  • Avoid inconsistent messaging that might accidentally tip off an attacker about internal state, such as whether a user account exists or not.
  • In the context of path traversal, error messages which disclose path information can help attackers craft the appropriate attack strings to move through the file system hierarchy.
Mitigation MIT-16
Operation Implementation

Strategy: Environment Hardening

When using PHP, configure the application so that it does not use register_globals. During implementation, develop the application so that it does not rely on this feature, but be wary of implementing a register_globals emulation that is subject to weaknesses such as CWE-95, CWE-621, and similar issues.

CAPEC-126: Path Traversal

An adversary uses path manipulation methods to exploit insufficient input validation of a target to obtain access to data that should be not be retrievable by ordinary well-formed requests. A typical variety of this attack involves specifying a path to a desired file together with dot-dot-slash characters, resulting in the file access API or function traversing out of the intended directory structure and into the root file system. By replacing or modifying the expected path information the access function or API retrieves the file desired by the attacker. These attacks either involve the attacker providing a complete path to a targeted file or using control characters (e.g. path separators (/ or \) and/or dots (.)) to reach desired directories or files.

CAPEC-64: Using Slashes and URL Encoding Combined to Bypass Validation Logic

This attack targets the encoding of the URL combined with the encoding of the slash characters. An attacker can take advantage of the multiple ways of encoding a URL and abuse the interpretation of the URL. A URL may contain special character that need special syntax handling in order to be interpreted. Special characters are represented using a percentage character followed by two digits representing the octet code of the original character (%HEX-CODE). For instance US-ASCII space character would be represented with %20. This is often referred as escaped ending or percent-encoding. Since the server decodes the URL from the requests, it may restrict the access to some URL paths by validating and filtering out the URL requests it received. An attacker will try to craft an URL with a sequence of special characters which once interpreted by the server will be equivalent to a forbidden URL. It can be difficult to protect against this attack since the URL can contain other format of encoding such as UTF-8 encoding, Unicode-encoding, etc.

CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls

An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.

CAPEC-78: Using Escaped Slashes in Alternate Encoding

This attack targets the use of the backslash in alternate encoding. An adversary can provide a backslash as a leading character and causes a parser to believe that the next character is special. This is called an escape. By using that trick, the adversary tries to exploit alternate ways to encode the same character which leads to filter problems and opens avenues to attack.

CAPEC-79: Using Slashes in Alternate Encoding

This attack targets the encoding of the Slash characters. An adversary would try to exploit common filtering problems related to the use of the slashes characters to gain access to resources on the target host. Directory-driven systems, such as file systems and databases, typically use the slash character to indicate traversal between directories or other container components. For murky historical reasons, PCs (and, as a result, Microsoft OSs) choose to use a backslash, whereas the UNIX world typically makes use of the forward slash. The schizophrenic result is that many MS-based systems are required to understand both forms of the slash. This gives the adversary many opportunities to discover and abuse a number of common filtering problems. The goal of this pattern is to discover server software that only applies filters to one version, but not the other.